New nano-ferro-silicon biochar promotes plant growth and grain yield under arsenic stress in rice.

Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous and toxic metalloid in nature, posing significant risks to living organisms. Developing sustainable strategies to mitigate As stress and reduce As accumulation in rice is critical for ensuring food safety in contaminated regions. Herein, we synthesized a new nano-ferro-silicon biochar (NNFB) composed of biochar, γ-FeO, and SiO, which effectively adsorbed As from aqueous solutions and soil. NNFB alleviated As toxicity by promoting rice seeding and root growth at the seed germination and seeding stages. Under 40 μM As(III) treatment, application of 0.25% and 0.5% NNFB regulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance by reducing HO accumulation and enhancing peroxidase (POD) activity in leaves. Additionally, NNFB reduced As uptake by regulating the expression of As transport genes , , and at the seeding stage. In pot experiments with 40 mg/kg As(III)-contaminated soil, NNFB application significantly improved aboveground biomass, tiller number, and effective tiller count. Notably, seed number per plant increased by 6.93- and 7.93-fold in 0.5% and 1% NNFB treatments compared to the control. These findings demonstrate that NNFB efficiently adsorbs As, mitigates As stress at multiple growth stages, and enhances rice productivity, offering a promising solution for As-contaminated agricultural systems.