Milestones in Science and their Contributions to Microbiology and Global Health.

, a group of Gram‑negative bacteria found in the ocean, has become a significant global threat, intensified by climate change, owing to its crucial roles in environmental, human, and animal health. Research on these bacteria and the diseases they cause has greatly influenced scientific progress, resulting in major advancements in the fields of microbiology, epidemiology, and public health. This review aims to highlight the early groundbreaking discoveries in research, particularly those that have significantly impacted the science of microbiology and global health. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across vast databases of biomedical and life sciences literature including PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. Additionally, a search of the grey literature was performed. Studies that marked early groundbreaking discoveries in research, with wide implications for human society, were included. Research on has led to major advancements in our understanding of disease mechanisms, pathogen ecology, and the epidemiology of waterborne infections. A landmark discovery was the identification of in 1884, which played a crucial role in studying waterborne diseases such as cholera and led to the development of modern approaches to treat diarrheal diseases, such as the introduction of oral rehydration salt (ORS) therapy. Certain strains, such as , are important models for studying flesh‑eating diseases, while others, such as ST3, ST36, and O1, are the only marine bacteria known to cause global epidemics by spreading across continents. Key mechanisms in Gram‑negative bacteria, including the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, quorum sensing, and the type VI secretion system (T6SS), were first discovered in species. Today, research on bacteria remains crucial from a global health perspective, especially owing to the expanding effects of climate change on their worldwide distribution.