Clark Reuben, Lira-Junior Ronaldo, Jansson Leif, Eriksdotter Maria, Schultzberg Marianne, Pussinen Pirkko, Buhlin Kåre, Boström Elisabeth A
Division of Oral diagnostics and surgery, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
Clin Oral Investig. 2025 May 20;29(6):303. doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06376-4.
To investigate interleukin (IL)-34 and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 levels in saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma in different stages of cognitive impairment. The study also examines the relationship between these biomarkers and periodontal status across different stages of cognitive impairment.
A total of 230 individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 52), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 51), subjective cognitive impairment (SCI, n = 51), and controls (n = 76) were enrolled. Participants underwent clinical and radiological oral examinations. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from all groups except controls. Stimulated saliva and blood were collected during oral examination. IL-34 and CSF-1 levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.
Salivary IL-34 levels were increased in AD compared to SCI (p = 0.010) and controls (p < 0.001), and in MCI compared to controls (p < 0.001). Elevated salivary CSF-1 levels were observed in AD compared to SCI (p = 0.003). Salivary IL-34 was inversely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (p < 0.010) and body mass index (p = 0.040), while CSF-1 was associated with age (p = 0.015). IL-34 and CSF-1 levels did not differ in cerebrospinal fluid between groups, and periodontal status did not affect the levels in any biofluid measured.
Salivary IL-34 is increased in AD patients and is associated with MMSE scores.
Identifying reliable biomarkers for AD is crucial for early detection and intervention. This study suggests that salivary IL-34 could serve as a potential biomarker for AD.
研究认知障碍不同阶段唾液、脑脊液和血浆中白细胞介素（IL）-34和集落刺激因子（CSF）-1的水平。本研究还考察了这些生物标志物与认知障碍不同阶段牙周状况之间的关系。
共纳入230名个体，其中诊断为阿尔茨海默病（AD，n = 52）、轻度认知障碍（MCI，n = 51）、主观认知障碍（SCI，n = 51）以及对照组（n = 76）。参与者接受了临床和放射学口腔检查。除对照组外，从所有组中采集脑脊液样本。在口腔检查期间收集刺激唾液和血液。使用酶联免疫吸附测定法评估IL-34和CSF-1水平。
与SCI组（p = 0.010）和对照组（p < 0.001）相比，AD组唾液IL-34水平升高；与对照组相比，MCI组唾液IL-34水平也升高（p < 0.001）。与SCI组相比，AD组唾液CSF-1水平升高（p = 0.003）。唾液IL-34与简易精神状态检查表（MMSE）评分（p < 0.010）和体重指数（p = 0.040）呈负相关，而CSF-1与年龄相关（p = 0.015）。各组脑脊液中IL-34和CSF-1水平无差异，牙周状况不影响所测任何生物流体中的水平。
AD患者唾液IL-34升高，且与MMSE评分相关。
识别可靠的AD生物标志物对于早期检测和干预至关重要。本研究表明唾液IL-34可能是AD的潜在生物标志物。
