Banerjee Deb Sankar, Banerjee Shiladitya
James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2025 Aug;95:102533. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2025.102533. Epub 2025 May 21.
Intracellular organelles are essential for cellular architecture and function, and their size regulation is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Organelle size often scales with cell size, governed by mechanisms that integrate resource allocation, stochastic dynamics, and feedback controls. Here we review these underlying biophysical principles of organelle size control, including the limiting pool hypothesis, stochastic assembly processes, and feedback-driven growth dynamics. We discuss how negative feedback motifs stabilize size, while positive feedback can amplify growth and maintain size under specific conditions. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in modeling size control for organelles with nucleation and fission-fusion dynamics. By integrating experimental observations with theoretical insights, this review provides a conceptual understanding of the design principles governing organelle size regulation in dynamic cellular environments.
细胞内细胞器对于细胞结构和功能至关重要，其大小调控对于维持细胞内稳态至关重要。细胞器大小通常与细胞大小成比例，受整合资源分配、随机动力学和反馈控制的机制所支配。在这里，我们综述细胞器大小控制的这些潜在生物物理原理，包括有限池假说、随机组装过程和反馈驱动的生长动力学。我们讨论负反馈基序如何稳定大小，而正反馈如何在特定条件下放大生长并维持大小。此外，我们讨论了具有成核和裂变-融合动力学的细胞器大小控制建模的最新进展。通过将实验观察与理论见解相结合，本综述提供了对动态细胞环境中细胞器大小调控设计原则的概念性理解。
