Sutanto Henry, Pradana Febrian Ramadhan, Adytia Galih Januar, Ansharullah Bagus Aditya, Waitupu Alief, Bramantono Bramantono, Fetarayani Deasy
Internal Medicine Study Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia.
Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia.
Med Sci (Basel). 2025 Apr 29;13(2):48. doi: 10.3390/medsci13020048.
Respiratory virus infections, such as those caused by influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses, pose a significant global health burden. While the immune system's adaptive components, including memory T cells, are critical for recognizing and combating these pathogens, recurrent infections and variable disease outcomes persist. Memory T cells are a key element of long-term immunity, capable of responding swiftly upon re-exposure to pathogens. They play diverse roles, including cross-reactivity to conserved viral epitopes and modulation of inflammatory responses. However, the protective efficacy of these cells is influenced by several factors, including viral evolution, host age, and immune system dynamics. This review explores the dichotomy of memory T cells in respiratory virus infections: their potential to confer robust protection and the limitations that allow for breakthrough infections. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing the formation, maintenance, and functional deployment of memory T cells in respiratory mucosa is critical for improving immunological interventions. We highlight recent advances in vaccine strategies aimed at bolstering T cell-mediated immunity and discuss the challenges posed by viral immune evasion. Addressing these gaps in knowledge is pivotal for designing effective therapeutics and vaccines to mitigate the global burden of respiratory viruses.
呼吸道病毒感染，如由流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）和冠状病毒引起的感染，给全球健康带来了重大负担。虽然免疫系统的适应性成分，包括记忆T细胞，对于识别和对抗这些病原体至关重要，但反复感染和多变的疾病结果仍然存在。记忆T细胞是长期免疫的关键要素，能够在再次接触病原体时迅速做出反应。它们发挥着多种作用，包括对保守病毒表位的交叉反应性和炎症反应的调节。然而，这些细胞的保护效力受到多种因素的影响，包括病毒进化、宿主年龄和免疫系统动态。本综述探讨了记忆T细胞在呼吸道病毒感染中的二分法：它们赋予强大保护的潜力以及导致突破性感染的局限性。了解呼吸道黏膜中记忆T细胞形成、维持和功能部署的潜在机制对于改进免疫干预至关重要。我们强调了旨在增强T细胞介导免疫的疫苗策略的最新进展，并讨论了病毒免疫逃逸带来的挑战。解决这些知识空白对于设计有效的治疗方法和疫苗以减轻呼吸道病毒的全球负担至关重要。
