Lee Seungah, Moussa Nayra A M, Kang Seong Ho
Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2025 Jul 25;15(15):1153. doi: 10.3390/nano15151153.
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry biomolecular signatures reflective of their parent cells, making them powerful tools for non-invasive diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring. Despite their potential, clinical application is hindered by challenges such as low abundance, heterogeneity, and the complexity of biological samples. To address these limitations, plasmonic biosensing technologies-particularly propagating surface plasmon resonance (PSPR), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-have been developed to enable label-free, highly sensitive, and multiplexed detection at the single-vesicle level. This review outlines recent advancements in nanoplasmonic platforms for exosome detection and profiling, emphasizing innovations in nanostructure engineering, microfluidic integration, and signal enhancement. Representative applications in oncology, neurology, and immunology are discussed, along with the increasingly critical role of artificial intelligence (AI) in spectral interpretation and diagnostic classification. Key technical and translational challenges-such as assay standardization, substrate reproducibility, and clinical validation-are also addressed. Overall, this review highlights the synergy between exosome biology and plasmonic nanotechnology, offering a path toward real-time, precision diagnostics via sub-femtomolar detection of exosomal miRNAs through next-generation biosensing strategies.
外泌体是纳米级的细胞外囊泡（EVs），携带反映其母细胞的生物分子特征，使其成为非侵入性诊断和治疗监测的有力工具。尽管它们具有潜力，但临床应用受到诸如丰度低、异质性以及生物样品复杂性等挑战的阻碍。为了解决这些限制，已经开发了等离子体生物传感技术，特别是传播表面等离子体共振（PSPR）、局域表面等离子体共振（LSPR）和表面增强拉曼散射（SERS），以实现单囊泡水平的无标记、高灵敏度和多重检测。这篇综述概述了用于外泌体检测和分析的纳米等离子体平台的最新进展，强调了纳米结构工程、微流体集成和信号增强方面的创新。讨论了在肿瘤学、神经学和免疫学中的代表性应用，以及人工智能（AI）在光谱解释和诊断分类中日益关键的作用。还解决了关键的技术和转化挑战，如检测标准化、底物重现性和临床验证。总体而言，这篇综述强调了外泌体生物学与等离子体纳米技术之间的协同作用，通过下一代生物传感策略对外泌体微小RNA进行亚飞摩尔检测，为实时、精准诊断提供了一条途径。
