Touaitia Rahima, Mairi Assia, Ibrahim Nasir Adam, Basher Nosiba S, Idres Takfarinas, Touati Abdelaziz
Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Tebessa, Tebessa 12002, Algeria.
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2025 May 6;14(5):470. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14050470.
is a formidable human pathogen responsible for infections ranging from superficial skin lesions to life-threatening systemic diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on its pathogenesis, emphasizing colonization dynamics, virulence mechanisms, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. By analyzing studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, we highlight the pathogen's adaptability, driven by surface adhesins (e.g., ClfB, SasG), secreted toxins (e.g., PVL, TSST-1), and metabolic flexibility in iron acquisition and amino acid utilization. Nasal, skin, and oropharyngeal colonization are reservoirs for invasive infections, with biofilm persistence and horizontal gene transfer exacerbating antimicrobial resistance, particularly in methicillin-resistant (MRSA). The review underscores the clinical challenges of multidrug-resistant strains, including vancomycin resistance and decolonization strategies' failure to target single anatomical sites. Key discussions address host-microbiome interactions, immune evasion tactics, and the limitations of current therapies. Future directions advocate for novel anti-virulence therapies, multi-epitope vaccines, and AI-driven diagnostics to combat evolving resistance. Strengthening global surveillance and interdisciplinary collaboration is critical to mitigating the public health burden of .
是一种强大的人类病原体，可导致从浅表皮肤损伤到危及生命的全身性疾病等各种感染。本综述综合了目前关于其发病机制的知识，重点强调了定植动态、毒力机制、生物膜形成和抗生素耐药性。通过分析来自PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science的研究，我们突出了病原体的适应性，这种适应性由表面黏附素（如ClfB、SasG）、分泌毒素（如PVL、TSST-1）以及铁获取和氨基酸利用方面的代谢灵活性所驱动。鼻腔、皮肤和口咽部定植是侵袭性感染的储存库，生物膜的持续存在和水平基因转移加剧了抗菌药物耐药性，尤其是在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）中。该综述强调了多重耐药菌株带来的临床挑战，包括万古霉素耐药性以及去定植策略未能针对单一解剖部位的问题。关键讨论涉及宿主-微生物组相互作用、免疫逃避策略以及当前治疗方法的局限性。未来的方向倡导采用新型抗毒力疗法、多表位疫苗和人工智能驱动的诊断方法来对抗不断演变的耐药性。加强全球监测和跨学科合作对于减轻金黄色葡萄球菌的公共卫生负担至关重要。 （注：原文中多次出现未明确指出的病原体，推测为金黄色葡萄球菌，这里统一翻译为金黄色葡萄球菌，具体需结合完整文本背景确定）
