Medici Antonio, Luongo Giovanni, Previtera Lucio, Naviglio Daniele, Di Fabio Giovanni, Zarrelli Armando
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
Associazione Italiana per la Promozione delle Ricerche su Ambiente e Salute umana, 82030 Dugenta, Italy.
Molecules. 2025 May 16;30(10):2180. doi: 10.3390/molecules30102180.
Over the years, the frequent and continuous use of drugs has led to a high presence of emerging micropollutants in wastewater, increasing environmental and health concerns. Among these chemicals, Indomethacin (IND), a widely used anti-inflammatory drug, has been detected up to 150 ng/L in water bodies. Its presence in aquatic environments causes increasing concerns due to its high persistence, limited biodegradability, and resistance to conventional treatment processes. This study examined the degradation of IND via oxidation with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and the characterization of the degradation byproducts (DPs) generated by this process. Based on NMR spectroscopy studies and mass spectrometry analysis, thirteen DPs were identified, seven of which were previously unpublished (DP1: 2-(3-Chloro-1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methylindolin-3-yl)acetic acid, DP3: 2-(3,4-Dichloro-1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methylindolin-3-yl)acetic acid, DP5: (3-Chloro-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone, DP6: (4-Chlorophenyl)(5-methoxy-3-(methoxymethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)methanone, DP7: 2-(2-(4-Chlorobenzamido)-5-methoxyphenyl)-2- oxoethyl acetate, DP8: 2-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid, DP9: 4-Chloro--(4-methoxyphenyl)benzamide), and a degradation mechanism was proposed. These results show how the degradation of Indomethacin leads to the generation of new byproducts that may persist in the environment, obtaining DP1 in far larger quantities than the other byproducts. Given Indomethacin's degradation rate of over 90% but not its complete mineralization, it is fundamental to study not only IND but also the byproducts generated to assess their potential environmental impact.
多年来，药物的频繁和持续使用导致废水中新兴微污染物大量存在，引发了越来越多的环境和健康问题。在这些化学物质中，吲哚美辛（IND）作为一种广泛使用的抗炎药，在水体中的检测浓度高达150纳克/升。由于其高持久性、有限的生物降解性以及对传统处理工艺的抗性，它在水生环境中的存在引发了越来越多的关注。本研究考察了用次氯酸钠（NaClO）氧化降解IND的情况以及该过程产生的降解副产物（DPs）的特性。基于核磁共振光谱研究和质谱分析，鉴定出了13种DPs，其中7种此前未发表（DP1：2-(3-氯-1-(4-氯苯甲酰基)-2-羟基-5-甲氧基-2-甲基吲哚啉-3-基)乙酸，DP3：2-(3,4-二氯-1-(4-氯苯甲酰基)-2-羟基-5-甲氧基-2-甲基吲哚啉-3-基)乙酸，DP5：(3-氯-5-甲氧基-2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)(4-氯苯基)甲酮，DP6：(4-氯苯基)(5-甲氧基-3-(甲氧基甲基)-2-甲基-1H-吲哚-1-基)甲酮，DP7：2-(2-(4-氯苯甲酰胺基)-5-甲氧基苯基)-2-氧代乙酸乙酯，DP8：2-(5-甲氧基-2-甲基-1H-吲哚-3-基)乙酸，DP9：4-氯-(4-甲氧基苯基)苯甲酰胺），并提出了降解机制。这些结果表明吲哚美辛的降解如何导致可能在环境中持续存在的新副产物的产生，获得的DP1数量远多于其他副产物。鉴于吲哚美辛的降解率超过90%但未完全矿化，不仅研究IND而且研究产生的副产物以评估其潜在环境影响至关重要。
