Evaluating the Impact of Needle-Free Delivery of Inactivated Polio Vaccine on Nigeria's Routine Immunization Program: An Implementation Hybrid Trial.

: The Tropis ID device (PharmaJet), a needle-free injection system, is a World Health Organization prequalified, hand-held device, which delivers intradermal injections without the use of needles and has previously been used for the delivery of fractional doses of inactivated polio vaccine (fIPV) in campaign and house-to-house settings. This implementation research study aimed to comparatively evaluate the vaccine coverage, cost, feasibility, and acceptability of using Tropis for fIPV for routine immunizations in two states in Nigeria (Kano and Oyo). : The study included: (i) a cluster randomized trial (22 intervention facilities using Tropis for fIPV and 30 control facilities using the standard of care [SoC-full-dose IPV]) to assess the effectiveness in terms of improving the coverage of two doses of IPV, using a coverage survey involving 3433 children (aged 3-12 months); (ii) a pre- and post-implementation micro-costing evaluation involving the intervention facilities to estimate the costs; and (iii) mixed methods assessments (post-training assessment, provider survey, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions) to assess the feasibility and acceptability of fIPV delivery using Tropis. : The intention-to-treat analysis among the 3433 children surveyed did not show any difference between the intervention and control groups, primarily due to low compliance (approximately 50% of target beneficiaries reported Tropis use). The more relevant per protocol analysis, adjusting for lower compliance, showed that among those vaccinated with Tropis, second dose IPV coverage was 11.2% higher than the SoC. The delivery of fIPV using Tropis compared to the SoC resulted in incremental program cost savings, ranging from USD 0.07 to USD 1.00 per dose, administered across the scenarios evaluated. High acceptability was seen amongst caregivers (94%), and 95% of healthcare workers preferred Tropis over the SoC. : Tropis is effective, feasible, acceptable, and saves costs when used as part of routine immunization programs.