Huo Chun-Yan, Liu Li-Yan, Wang Liang, Sun Yu, Du Shuang, Song Li, Li Yong-Yu, Wang Xin-Hong, Li Wen-Long
College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
Environ Pollut. 2025 Sep 15;381:126532. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126532. Epub 2025 May 26.
The distribution and partitioning behavior of phthalate esters (PAEs) and non-phthalate ester plasticizers (NPPs) in multi-media indoor environments is vital for assessing human exposure risks of human exposure. To investigate these behaviors, a one-year study was conducted in a non-occupied residential building, where PAEs and NPPs were analyzed in the indoor air, dust, and surface films. Results showed significantly greater concentration of ΣPAEs (2600 ± 1800 ng/m, 2400 ± 2000 μg/g, 20000 ± 17000 ng/m, 7900 ± 6900 ng/m in air, settled dust, window surfaces, respectively) than that of ΣNPPs (180 ± 320 ng/m, 1600 ± 1300 μg/g, and 5300 ± 5100 ng/m respectively) (p < 0.01). More specifically, the highest concentrations of ΣPAEs and ΣNPPs were found in the particle size ranges of 125-250 μm and 63-125 μm, respectively. The concentrations of PAEs and NPPs in indoor air exhibited seasonal variations and differed between rooms, whereas their concentrations in dust and surface films remained consistent across different rooms. Correlation analysis showed inconsistent effects of environmental factors on the concentrations of pollutants in different media. The distribution patterns of PAEs and NPPs indicated that particle/gas, dust/air, and film/air partition coefficients deviated from theoretical equilibrium values (due to the increase in Log K values), suggesting that the distribution patterns of targeted pollutants were more consistent with the steady-state partitioning model. Additionally, the Monte Carlo simulation revealed that temperature played a significant role in determining the distribution patterns of PAEs and NPPs in indoor environments. The study reveals how PAEs and NPPs partition and distribute across indoor air, dust, and surface films, emphasizing their environmental sensitivity.
邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）和非邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂（NPPs）在室内多介质环境中的分布和分配行为对于评估人类暴露风险至关重要。为了研究这些行为，在一栋无人居住的住宅建筑中进行了为期一年的研究，对室内空气、灰尘和表面薄膜中的PAEs和NPPs进行了分析。结果显示，ΣPAEs在空气中、沉降灰尘、窗户表面的浓度（分别为2600±1800 ng/m、2400±2000 μg/g、20000±17000 ng/m、7900±6900 ng/m）显著高于ΣNPPs（分别为180±320 ng/m、1600±1300 μg/g、5300±5100 ng/m）（p<0.01）。更具体地说，ΣPAEs和ΣNPPs的最高浓度分别出现在粒径范围为125 - 250μm和63 - 125μm的颗粒中。室内空气中PAEs和NPPs的浓度呈现季节性变化且不同房间有所差异，而它们在灰尘和表面薄膜中的浓度在不同房间保持一致。相关性分析表明环境因素对不同介质中污染物浓度的影响不一致。PAEs和NPPs的分布模式表明颗粒/气体、灰尘/空气和薄膜/空气分配系数偏离理论平衡值（由于Log K值增加），这表明目标污染物的分布模式更符合稳态分配模型。此外，蒙特卡洛模拟表明温度在确定PAEs和NPPs在室内环境中的分布模式方面起着重要作用。该研究揭示了PAEs和NPPs如何在室内空气、灰尘和表面薄膜中分配和分布，强调了它们的环境敏感性。
