Kaur Ramandeep, Kumar Satish, Singh Lakhwinder
Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.
Animal Biochemistry, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.
Cytokine. 2025 Aug;192:156974. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2025.156974. Epub 2025 May 30.
Immunity in the central nervous system (CNS) is generally attributed to neuron-associated microglia in the parenchyma. Microglial cells are specialized macrophages that interact closely with neurons to monitor them for signs of infection or injury. In addition to microglia, several other specialized macrophage populations are located at the borders of the CNS, including dural, leptomeningeal, perivascular, and choroid plexus macrophages. Collectively, these are CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs), but how these cells maintain the balance between the segregation of the CNS and the information transfer between the CNS parenchyma and the peripheral system is not well understood. The interaction between the immune system and the CNS is a newly emerging field of study that focuses on the functions of resident microglia and specialized macrophages, including leptomeningeal, choroid plexus, and perivascular macrophages. This review will help to improve understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of microglia and specialized macrophages and their involvement in the communication with the peripheral immune system. It could also advance neurological disease therapies that selectively target specific immune function parameters more effectively for managing neurodegenerative diseases.
中枢神经系统（CNS）的免疫通常归因于实质内与神经元相关的小胶质细胞。小胶质细胞是特殊的巨噬细胞，它们与神经元密切相互作用，以监测神经元是否有感染或损伤的迹象。除了小胶质细胞外，其他几种特殊的巨噬细胞群体位于中枢神经系统的边界，包括硬脑膜、软脑膜、血管周围和脉络丛巨噬细胞。这些统称为中枢神经系统相关巨噬细胞（CAMs），但这些细胞如何在中枢神经系统的隔离与中枢神经系统实质和外周系统之间的信息传递之间保持平衡，目前尚不清楚。免疫系统与中枢神经系统之间的相互作用是一个新兴的研究领域，专注于常驻小胶质细胞和特殊巨噬细胞的功能，包括软脑膜、脉络丛和血管周围巨噬细胞。这篇综述将有助于增进对小胶质细胞和特殊巨噬细胞调节机制及其参与与外周免疫系统通信的理解。它还可以推进神经疾病治疗，更有效地选择性靶向特定免疫功能参数来管理神经退行性疾病。
