Han Wen-Jui, Scott Marc A, Tang Nora
New York University, 1 Washington Square North, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
New York University, Kimball Hall 246 Greene Street Floor 3, New York, NY, 10003, United States of America.
BMC Public Health. 2025 May 31;25(1):2013. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23320-z.
The growing reliance on precarious employment —work that is uncertain, insecure, and unstable —has transformed work for many from a resource to a vulnerability for health and well-being.
Using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 cohort ( ≈ 6,666) in the United States, we focused on two social determinants of health (SDOH), work and family income. We examine work schedule and income patterns between ages 22 and 49, explicitly building upon the life course lens to answer how such patterns before age 50 may shape future health outcomes at age 50. We used sequence analysis to categorize work and family income trajectories and multivariate regression to examine the relationship between work and family income trajectories on health at age 50.
Our sequence analysis reveals four diverse work clusters ranging from stable standard daytime hours to volatile work patterns (e.g., not working, working evening or night hours, or variable hours) and four family income clusters ranging from upward mobility to persistent low-income patterns. Our multivariate regression suggests a strong income gradient in health, which plays a critical role in cushioning the otherwise adverse effects on health from volatile work patterns. In contrast, limited and volatile income exacerbates the negative effects of volatile work patterns on health. These adverse associations were particularly pronounced for females.
Taken together, our results demonstrate a strong income gradient in health that may be moderated by diverse work patterns, with significant implications for how work and income as SDOH factors play critical roles in shaping intergenerational poverty and inequality.
Not applicable.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-23320-z.
对不稳定就业（即不确定、不安全且不稳定的工作）的依赖日益增加，已使许多人的工作从一种资源转变为对健康和幸福的一种不利因素。
利用美国国家青年纵向调查（NLSY79）队列（约6666人）的纵向数据，我们聚焦于两个健康的社会决定因素，即工作和家庭收入。我们研究了22岁至49岁之间的工作时间表和收入模式，明确基于生命历程视角来回答50岁之前的这些模式如何塑造50岁时的未来健康结果。我们使用序列分析对工作和家庭收入轨迹进行分类，并使用多元回归来研究工作和家庭收入轨迹与50岁时健康之间的关系。
我们的序列分析揭示了四个不同的工作集群，从稳定的标准白天工作时间到不稳定的工作模式（例如，不工作、上夜班或工作时间多变），以及四个家庭收入集群，从向上流动到持续低收入模式。我们的多元回归表明健康方面存在很强的收入梯度，这在缓冲不稳定工作模式对健康的不利影响方面起着关键作用。相比之下，有限且不稳定的收入会加剧不稳定工作模式对健康的负面影响。这些不利关联在女性中尤为明显。
综合来看，我们的结果表明健康方面存在很强的收入梯度，这可能会因不同的工作模式而有所缓和，这对于作为健康社会决定因素的工作和收入如何在塑造代际贫困和不平等方面发挥关键作用具有重要意义。
不适用。
在线版本包含可在10.1186/s12889-025-23320-z获取的补充材料。
