Fahim Yosri A, Hasani Ibrahim W, Mahmoud Ragab Waleed
Health Sector, Faculty of Science, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, 43511, Egypt.
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, S.P.U., M.P.U and Idlib University, Idlib, Syria.
Eur J Med Res. 2025 Jun 2;30(1):441. doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-02696-z.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as powerful tools in biomedicine due to their distinct physicochemical characteristics, including a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, adjustable size, magnetic sensitivity, and compatibility with biological systems. These properties enable precise control through external magnetic fields, making MNPs highly effective in targeted therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Although not inherently intelligent, they can exhibit programmable and responsive behavior under external influence, enhancing their utility in drug delivery and hyperthermia-based treatments. In the medical field, MNPs have been extensively explored for their role in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancement, selective drug transport, hyperthermia cancer therapy, and biomolecular separation. Within oncology, they facilitate the direct delivery of therapeutic compounds to tumors, reducing systemic side effects and increasing treatment specificity. Additionally, their capacity to produce localized heat when exposed to alternating magnetic fields makes them instrumental in hyperthermia therapy, where malignant cells are selectively eradicated. A key advantage of MNPs is their adaptable surface chemistry, which allows for functionalization with biocompatible polymers, ligands, and other stabilizing agents. These modifications enhance their stability, minimize immune responses, and optimize their performance in physiological environments. Functionalized MNPs have contributed significantly to improving MRI contrast, refining drug delivery mechanisms, and increasing the effectiveness of hyperthermia treatments. This review examines recent breakthroughs in MNP-based medical technologies, with an emphasis on tumor targeting, drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier, and hyperthermia applications.
磁性纳米颗粒（MNPs）因其独特的物理化学特性，包括高比表面积、可调节尺寸、磁敏感性以及与生物系统的兼容性，已成为生物医学领域的强大工具。这些特性使得通过外部磁场能够实现精确控制，从而使MNPs在靶向治疗和诊断应用中非常有效。尽管MNPs本身并不具备智能，但在外部影响下它们能够表现出可编程和响应性行为，从而提高其在药物递送和基于热疗的治疗中的效用。在医学领域，MNPs在磁共振成像（MRI）增强、选择性药物转运、热疗癌症治疗和生物分子分离方面的作用已得到广泛探索。在肿瘤学领域，它们有助于将治疗化合物直接递送至肿瘤，减少全身副作用并提高治疗特异性。此外，当暴露于交变磁场时，它们产生局部热量的能力使其在热疗中发挥重要作用，可选择性地根除恶性细胞。MNPs的一个关键优势是其适应性表面化学，这使得它们能够用生物相容性聚合物、配体和其他稳定剂进行功能化修饰。这些修饰提高了它们的稳定性，将免疫反应降至最低，并优化了它们在生理环境中的性能。功能化的MNPs在改善MRI对比度、完善药物递送机制以及提高热疗治疗效果方面做出了重大贡献。本综述探讨了基于MNPs的医学技术的最新突破，重点关注肿瘤靶向、血脑屏障药物递送和热疗应用。
