Rivaldi Muhammad, Nomura Miho, Nugroho Andhika Puspito
Laboratory of Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2025 Aug;117:104741. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104741. Epub 2025 May 31.
Agricultural runoff containing pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and other chemicals is a significant source of stream pollution, affecting water quality, aquatic organism health, and public safety. This study evaluated the metabolomic responses of the freshwater mussel Sinanodonta woodiana when exposed to pollution in the Winongo stream, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. To simulate varying pollution conditions, mussels were transplanted to three stations along the stream for 28 days, representing lightly (S1), moderately (S3), and heavily polluted (S2) environments. The investigation focused on metabolomic responses, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT]), and metallothionein (MT) concentrations in the gills of S. woodiana. Targeted metabolomic analysis successfully identified 15 amino acids, with principal component analysis (PCA) explaining 74.1 % of the total variance on day 3 and 65.2 % after 28 days. These findings highlight significant metabolic alterations related to pollution exposure. The trends observed in MT concentration and the activities of SOD and CAT reflect an adaptive response to pollution. MT levels increased significantly, peaking around day 14, especially at the most polluted station (S2), which indicates enhanced detoxification activity. After day 14, the decline in MT levels may suggest either environmental acclimatization or a reduction in pollutant levels. Similarly, SOD and CAT activities peaked around day 14 in response to oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, they fluctuated, tending to decrease the intensity of pollution. Overall, the study demonstrates that pollution in the Winongo stream induces various toxicological effects on S. woodiana, providing valuable insights into the biological impacts of environmental contamination on freshwater organisms.
含有农药、除草剂、化肥和其他化学物质的农业径流是溪流污染的一个重要来源，影响着水质、水生生物健康和公共安全。本研究评估了淡水贻贝椭圆背角无齿蚌在印度尼西亚日惹特区维农戈河中受到污染时的代谢组学反应。为了模拟不同的污染条件，将贻贝移植到该溪流沿线的三个站点，为期28天，分别代表轻度（S1）、中度（S3）和重度污染（S2）的环境。调查重点关注椭圆背角无齿蚌鳃中的代谢组学反应、抗氧化酶活性（超氧化物歧化酶[SOD]和过氧化氢酶[CAT]）以及金属硫蛋白（MT）浓度。靶向代谢组学分析成功鉴定出15种氨基酸，主成分分析（PCA）在第3天解释了总方差的74.1%，28天后解释了65.2%。这些发现突出了与污染暴露相关的显著代谢改变。MT浓度以及SOD和CAT活性的变化趋势反映了对污染的适应性反应。MT水平显著升高，在第14天左右达到峰值，尤其是在污染最严重的站点（S2），这表明解毒活性增强。第14天后，MT水平下降可能表明环境适应或污染物水平降低。同样，SOD和CAT活性在第14天左右达到峰值以应对活性氧（ROS）诱导的氧化应激。随后，它们波动变化，污染强度趋于降低。总体而言，该研究表明维农戈河的污染对椭圆背角无齿蚌产生了各种毒理学效应，为环境污染对淡水生物的生物学影响提供了有价值的见解。
