Lead Perforation in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Incidence, Diagnosis, and Management.

The implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has steadily increased due to an aging population, advancements in diagnostic techniques, and technological improvements. However, the risk of cardiac perforation following lead implantation, though low, remains a critical concern. Understanding the clinical presentations of this complication is essential for effective prevention, recognition, and management. This review explores the prevalence, clinical presentations, risk factors, diagnosis, management strategies, and future perspectives related to cardiac perforation caused by CIED leads.