Dritsaki Melina, Dritsaki Chaido
Department of Economics & Laboratory of Applied Economics, University of Western Macedonia, 52100 Kastoria, Greece.
Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Western Macedonia, Kila Kozanis, 50100 Kozani, Greece.
J Knowl Econ. 2023 Apr 4:1-26. doi: 10.1007/s13132-023-01349-y.
Τhe current paper examines the relationship between per capita health care expenditures, per capita CO emissions, and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in G7 countries. At the beginning, we examine the cross-sectional dependence and the slope homogeneity between the countries. Then, the second-generation unit root test is applied using the Pesaran, CIPS (2007) test, while for the cointegration test, the Westerlund (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69(6):709-748, 2007) test was applied. The long -run panel cointegration coefficients were analyzed with the augmented mean group (AMG) estimators, which allow the cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. Finally, the test by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (Economic Modelling 29(4):1450-1460, 2012) was used in order to check for causality taking into account the heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence on panel data. The preliminary analyses show that variables are cross-sectional-dependant and heterogenous and are first-order stationary. Cointegration test by Westerlund (Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 69(6):709-748, 2007) which allows heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence show that there is a stable and long-run relationship between variables. Moreover, the long-run coefficients which were estimated with the AMG approach are found to be statistically significant and positive for the GDP per capita, and negative in the case of greenhouse gas emissions per capita. Finally, causality test by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (Economic Modelling 29(4):1450-1460, 2012) revealed a unilateral causality from greenhouse gas emissions per capita towards health expenditure per capita for all G7 countries.
本文研究了七国集团国家人均医疗保健支出、人均二氧化碳排放量和人均国内生产总值（GDP）之间的关系。首先，我们考察了各国之间的横截面依赖性和斜率同质性。然后，使用佩萨兰的CIPS（2007）检验进行第二代单位根检验，而协整检验则采用韦斯特伦德（《牛津经济与统计公报》69(6):709 - 748, 2007）检验。使用增强平均组（AMG）估计量分析长期面板协整系数，该估计量允许存在横截面依赖性和异质性。最后，使用杜米特雷斯库和胡林（《经济建模》29(4):1450 - 1460, 2012）检验，以在考虑面板数据的异质性和横截面依赖性的情况下检验因果关系。初步分析表明，变量具有横截面依赖性和异质性，并且是一阶平稳的。韦斯特伦德（《牛津经济与统计公报》69(6):709 - 748, 2007）的协整检验允许存在异质性和横截面依赖性，结果表明变量之间存在稳定的长期关系。此外，用AMG方法估计的长期系数在人均GDP方面具有统计学意义且为正，而在人均温室气体排放方面为负。最后，杜米特雷斯库和胡林（《经济建模》29(4):1450 - 1460, 2012）的因果关系检验揭示了所有七国集团国家人均温室气体排放对人均医疗保健支出存在单向因果关系。
