SCAI-Net: An AI-driven framework for optimized, fast, and resource-efficient skull implant generation for cranioplasty using CT images.

Skull damage caused by craniectomy or trauma necessitates accurate and precise Patient-Specific Implant (PSI) design to restore the cranial cavity. Conventional Computer-Aided Design (CAD)-based methods for PSI design are highly infrastructure-intensive, require specialised skills, and are time-consuming, resulting in prolonged patient wait times. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) provide automated, faster and scalable alternatives. This study introduces the Skull Completion using AI Network (SCAI-Net) framework, a deep-learning-based approach for automated cranial defect reconstruction using Computer Tomography (CT) images. The framework proposes two defect reconstruction variants: SCAI-Net-SDR (Subtraction-based Defect Reconstruction), which first reconstructs the full skull, then performs binary subtraction to obtain the reconstructed defect, and SCAI-Net-DDR (Direct Defect Reconstruction), which generates the reconstructed defect directly without requiring full-skull reconstruction. To enhance model robustness, the SCAI-Net was trained on an augmented dataset of 2760 images, created by combining MUG500+ and SkullFix datasets, featuring artificial defects across multiple cranial regions. Unlike subtraction-based SCAI-Net-SDR, which requires full-skull reconstruction before binary subtraction, and conventional CAD-based methods, which rely on interpolation or mirroring, SCAI-Net-DDR significantly reduces computational overhead. By eliminating the full-skull reconstruction step, DDR reduces training time by 66 % (85 min vs. 250 min for SDR) and achieves a 99.996 % faster defect reconstruction time compared to CAD (0.1s vs. 2400s). Based on the quantitative evaluation conducted on the SkullFix test cases, SCAI-Net-DDR emerged as the leading model among all evaluated approaches. SCAI-Net-DDR achieved the highest Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC: 0.889), a low Hausdorff Distance (HD: 1.856 mm), and a superior Structural Similarity Index (SSIM: 0.897). Similarly, within the subset of subtraction-based reconstruction approaches evaluated, SCAI-Net-SDR demonstrated competitive performance, achieving the best HD (1.855 mm) and the highest SSIM (0.889), confirming its strong standing among methods using the subtraction paradigm. SCAI-Net generates reconstructed defects, which undergo post-processing to ensure manufacturing readiness. Steps include surface smoothing, thickness validation and edge preparation for secure fixation and seamless digital manufacturing compatibility. End-to-end implant generation time for DDR demonstrated a 96.68 % reduction (93.5 s), while SDR achieved a 96.64 % reduction (94.6 s), significantly outperforming CAD-based methods (2820s). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) confirmed the SCAI-Net-generated implants' robust load-bearing capacity under extreme loading (1780N) conditions, while edge gap analysis validated precise anatomical fit. Clinical validation further confirmed boundary accuracy, curvature alignment, and secure fit within cranial cavity. These results position SCAI-Net as a transformative, time-efficient, and resource-optimized solution for AI-driven cranial defect reconstruction and implant generation.