Jiang Dan, Zhou Kai, Che Dongsheng, Jiang Hailong, Han Rui, Qin Guixin
Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
Anim Nutr. 2025 Mar 6;21:390-401. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2025.01.005. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Ambient temperature is an important factor affecting metabolic processes in animals, and its effect on energy metabolism is becoming more evident. Yet, integrative analysis of energy metabolism in finishing pigs at different combinations of ambient temperature, energy density and energy sources, still remain underexplored. In order to determine the special characteristics of energy metabolism of finishing pigs in low-temperature environment, the effects of different combinations of ambient temperature, energy density, and energy source on underlying mechanisms were elucidated by assessing energy metabolism using integrative indirect calorimetry and non-targeted plasma metabolomics analyses. Thirty-two finishing pigs (Duroc × Large White × Landrace) with similar body weight of 85.44 ± 2.04 kg were allotted in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (8 treatment groups, 4 replicates per group, 1 pig per replicate), which included two ambient temperatures (low temperature [10 °C] and normal temperature [20 °C]), two energy densities (normal energy density [NE, 14.02 MJ/kg] and high energe density [HE, 15.14 MJ/kg]), and two energy sources (low-oil source and high-oil source). The experiment period lasted 11 days. Increasing the energy density of the diet by adding oil changed the energy source in a low-temperature environment, improved crude fat digestibility ( < 0.001), and reduced the feed/gain ratio of pigs ( = 0.004), with a tendency for higher average daily gain ( = 0.098), which would increase energy utilization. Adding oil to the diet altered energy sources at low temperature, reducing carbon dioxide emission by 3.10%, increasing energy retention and fat oxidation ( < 0.05). Further, optimizing energy sources by adding oil significantly improved serum glucose (GLU) content ( < 0.001) and reduced urea nitrogen (UN) content at normal temperature ( < 0.001), with the same trend observed at low temperature. The metabolites in the eight groups were mainly enriched in the sphingolipid signaling pathway, insulin resistance, and glycerophospholipid metabolism ( < 0.05). Energy metabolism in finishing pigs was not only affected by ambient temperature and energy density, but also by energy source, leading to variations in metabolic pathways for different energy substances. Increasing the dietary energy density by increasing oil supplementation at low temperature is an effective way to improve the growth performance of finishing pigs while reducing pollutant emissions. The study provides a new solution for optimizing energy nutrition for finishing pigs in low-temperature environment.
环境温度是影响动物代谢过程的重要因素，其对能量代谢的影响日益明显。然而，对于育肥猪在不同环境温度、能量密度和能量来源组合下的能量代谢综合分析，仍有待深入探索。为了确定低温环境下育肥猪能量代谢的特殊特征，通过综合间接测热法和非靶向血浆代谢组学分析评估能量代谢，阐明了环境温度、能量密度和能量来源的不同组合对潜在机制的影响。将32头体重相近（85.44±2.04 kg）的杜洛克×大白×长白育肥猪按2×2×2析因设计分配（8个处理组，每组4个重复，每个重复1头猪），包括两个环境温度（低温[10℃]和常温[20℃]）、两个能量密度（正常能量密度[NE，14.02 MJ/kg]和高能量密度[HE，15.14 MJ/kg]）以及两个能量来源（低油源和高油源）。试验期持续11天。在低温环境下，通过添加油脂提高日粮能量密度改变了能量来源，提高了粗脂肪消化率（<0.001），降低了猪的料重比（=0.004），平均日增重有增加趋势（=0.098），这将提高能量利用率。在日粮中添加油脂在低温下改变了能量来源，使二氧化碳排放量降低3.10%，增加了能量保留和脂肪氧化（<0.05）。此外，通过添加油脂优化能量来源在常温下显著提高了血清葡萄糖（GLU）含量（<0.001），降低了尿素氮（UN）含量（<0.001），在低温下也观察到相同趋势。八组中的代谢物主要富集在鞘脂信号通路、胰岛素抵抗和甘油磷脂代谢（<0.05）。育肥猪的能量代谢不仅受环境温度和能量密度影响，还受能量来源影响，导致不同能量物质的代谢途径发生变化。在低温下通过增加油脂添加量提高日粮能量密度是提高育肥猪生长性能同时减少污染物排放的有效途径。该研究为优化低温环境下育肥猪的能量营养提供了新的解决方案。
