Baek Soojeong, Son Hyeji, Park Hyunwoo, Park Hyeongi, Lee Jaeyeong, Jeong Sodam, Shim Jae-Eon, Park Jagang, Kim Teun-Teun
Department of Physics, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
Nanophotonics. 2025 Apr 22;14(12):2103-2132. doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0052. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Graphene hosts massless Dirac fermions owing to its linear electronic band structure. This distinctive feature underpins its extraordinary electronic properties, correlating to strong light-matter interactions on an extreme subwavelength scale. Over the past decade, intensive investigations have transitioned from fundamental graphene's optical properties to practical application with the integration of graphene into metasurfaces, opening a new era of active flat optics. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of graphene-based metasurfaces, beginning with the intrinsic link between graphene's optical response and its electronic properties. We highlight the development of actively tunable platforms and devices, including efficient modulators, high-sensitivity detectors, and advanced biosensing systems. We also discuss emerging approaches that enable ultrafast all-optical modulation and ultracompact device footprints, pushing the boundaries of performance. Finally, we explore the transformative prospects of non-Hermitian physics and inverse design strategies as novel frameworks for optimizing metasurface configurations. By synergizing graphene's intrinsic tunability with innovative design methodologies, graphene-based metasurfaces hold immense potential to bridge the gap between fundamental science and real-world applications, defining a new frontier in next-generation photonic technologies.
由于其线性电子能带结构，石墨烯中存在无质量狄拉克费米子。这一独特特性支撑着其非凡的电子特性，与极端亚波长尺度上的强光与物质相互作用相关。在过去十年中，大量研究已从石墨烯的基本光学性质转向将石墨烯集成到超表面的实际应用，开启了有源平面光学的新时代。在本综述中，我们全面概述了基于石墨烯的超表面，首先介绍石墨烯光学响应与其电子性质之间的内在联系。我们重点介绍了有源可调平台和器件的发展，包括高效调制器、高灵敏度探测器和先进的生物传感系统。我们还讨论了实现超快全光调制和超紧凑器件尺寸的新兴方法，推动了性能的边界。最后，我们探索非厄米物理和逆设计策略作为优化超表面配置的新颖框架的变革前景。通过将石墨烯的固有可调性与创新设计方法相结合，基于石墨烯的超表面在弥合基础科学与实际应用之间的差距方面具有巨大潜力，为下一代光子技术定义了一个新的前沿领域。
