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否认的代价:审视密歇根州各都会区抵押贷款放贷偏见对健康的影响。

The Price of Denial: Examining the Health Consequences of Mortgage Lending Bias in Michigan Metro Areas.

作者信息

Koeman Jamison, Pan Wenchu, Eisenberg Alexa, Wang Lu, Mehdipanah Roshanak

机构信息

Department of Health Behavior and Health Equity, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA.

Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

出版信息

J Urban Health. 2025 Jun 11. doi: 10.1007/s11524-025-00985-w.


DOI:10.1007/s11524-025-00985-w
PMID:40500567
Abstract

Anti-Black mortgage lending discrimination (MLD) has resulted in homeownership disparities among White and Black households. This study examines the association between MLD and health opportunities, based on various neighborhood determinants of health (e.g., employment, education, and housing status), in Michigan's three largest metropolitan areas. Multilevel models using data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act and Census from 2015 to 2019 were used to examine the Black-White odds ratio of mortgage denial. An association analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the Black-White odds ratio of mortgage denial and neighborhood health opportunities. Loan denial for Black mortgage applicants was 1.99 (95% CI1.87, 2.12) times more likely than for White applicants. Neighborhoods with greater anti-Black MLD had fewer harmful environmental exposures, greater health insurance coverage, and better housing and socio-economic conditions. Anti-Black MLD remains a common practice and supports the assertion that Black home-seekers experience greater MLD in neighborhoods with better opportunities for health compared to White home-seekers, who access these benefits more freely. Greater protections against MLD-including increasing oversight of the data reporting requirements and improving mortgage access for Black households-are needed to promote health equity.

摘要

反黑人抵押贷款歧视(MLD)导致了白人和黑人家庭在住房拥有率上的差距。本研究基于密歇根州三大都市区健康的各种邻里决定因素(如就业、教育和住房状况),考察了MLD与健康机会之间的关联。使用来自《住房抵押贷款披露法》和2015年至2019年人口普查数据的多层次模型来检验抵押贷款拒绝的黑白比值比。进行了关联分析,以考察抵押贷款拒绝的黑白比值比与邻里健康机会之间的关系。黑人抵押贷款申请人被拒绝贷款的可能性是白人申请人的1.99倍(95%置信区间为1.87, 2.12)。反黑人MLD程度较高的社区有害环境暴露较少、医疗保险覆盖率较高,住房和社会经济条件较好。反黑人MLD仍然是一种常见现象,这支持了以下观点:与白人购房者相比,黑人购房者在健康机会更好的社区中面临更大的MLD,而白人购房者能更自由地获得这些福利。需要加强对MLD的保护——包括加强对数据报告要求的监督以及改善黑人家庭的抵押贷款获取渠道——以促进健康公平。

相似文献

[1]
The Price of Denial: Examining the Health Consequences of Mortgage Lending Bias in Michigan Metro Areas.

J Urban Health. 2025-6-11

[2]
Home Mortgage Lending and Neighborhood Mental Health: A Spatial Econometric Analysis of 18 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas.

J Urban Health. 2025-2

[3]
Effects of housing stability and contemporary mortgage lending bias on breast cancer stage at diagnosis among older women in the United States.

Cancer Med. 2024-7

[4]
Neighborhood Disadvantage, Individual Experiences of Racism, and Breast Cancer Survival.

JAMA Netw Open. 2025-4-1

[5]
Historical Bias in Mortgage Lending, Redlining, and Implications for the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem: A Study of Structural Housing Discrimination in Dallas and Boston.

J Urban Health. 2024-10

[6]
Mortgage discrimination at the intersection of race and sexual orientation and its association with HIV incidence among sexual minority men in the U.S.

Ann Epidemiol. 2025-7-4

[7]
A Shadow of Doubt: Is There Implicit Bias Among Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty and Residents Regarding Race and Gender?

Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2024-7-1

[8]
Associations of Historical Redlining With BMI and Waist Circumference in Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

AJPM Focus. 2024-2-22

[9]
Racial and ethnic disparities in fecundability: a North American preconception cohort study.

Hum Reprod. 2025-4-17

[10]
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Cancer. 2025-4-15

本文引用的文献

[1]
Without Affordable, Accessible, and Adequate Housing, Health Has No Foundation.

Milbank Q. 2023-4

[2]
Historical Redlining, Social Determinants of Health, and Stroke Prevalence in Communities in New York City.

JAMA Netw Open. 2023-4-3

[3]
Historic Redlining Practices and Contemporary Determinants of Health in the Detroit Metropolitan Area.

Am J Public Health. 2023-1

[4]
Persistence of mortgage lending bias in the United States: 80 years after the Home Owners' Loan Corporation security maps.

J Race Ethn City. 2022

[5]
Home mortgage discrimination and incidence of triple-negative and Luminal A breast cancer among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White females in California, 2006-2015.

Cancer Causes Control. 2022-5

[6]
The legacy of structural racism: Associations between historic redlining, current mortgage lending, and health.

SSM Popul Health. 2021-4-20

[7]
Revisiting the relationship among housing tenure, affordability and mental health: Do dwelling conditions matter?

Health Soc Care Community. 2020-11

[8]
Structural Racism, Historical Redlining, and Risk of Preterm Birth in New York City, 2013-2017.

Am J Public Health. 2020-5-21

[9]
Housing discrimination and racial cancer disparities among the 100 largest US metropolitan areas.

Cancer. 2019-7-9

[10]
Using Credit Scores to Understand Predictors and Consequences of Disease.

Am J Public Health. 2018-11

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