Phage-Antibiotic Synergy Enhances Biofilm Eradication and Survival in a Zebrafish Model of Infection.

is a gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that poses a significant threat due to its increasing multidrug resistance, particularly in clinical settings. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel bacteriophage, phiLCL12, from hospital wastewater and evaluate its potential in combination with antibiotics to combat infections and biofilm formation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that phiLCL12 possesses a long contractile tail. The isolated phage exhibited a broad host range of 82.22% and could adsorb up to 98% of its target within 4 min. It was effective against multidrug-resistant strains at both high and low multiplicities of infection (MOIs) levels in lysis tests. Taxonomic classification was determined using PhaGCN2 and Whole genomic analysis, and the results identified phiLCL12 as a member of the . In vitro experiments demonstrated that phiLCL12 significantly enhanced biofilm clearance and inhibited biofilm formation when combined with sub-inhibitory concentrations of imipenem. Furthermore, in vivo experiments using a zebrafish model showed that phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS) improved survival rate compared to antibiotic treatment alone. This study demonstrates that phiLCL12 is effective in both eradicating and preventing biofilm formation. The combination of phiLCL12 and imipenem provides a synergistic effect, significantly enhancing survival outcomes in a zebrafish model. These findings highlight the potential of phage-antibiotic synergy as a promising therapeutic strategy against biofilm-associated infections.