Renaldi Rinvil, Wiguna Tjhin, Persico Antonio M, Tanra Andi Jayalangkara
Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
Child and Adolescent Division, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2025 Jul;137(1):e70065. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.70065.
Recent studies have emphasized the significant role of p-cresol and its conjugated form, p-cresyl sulphate (PCS), in enhancing oxidative stress, leading to potential detrimental effects on various biological systems. Both p-cresol and PCS contribute to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in tissue damage, inflammation and a cascade of physiological abnormalities. Elevated p-cresol levels have been associated with greater clinical severity in autism spectrum disorder, correlating with more severe behavioural manifestations and a history of regression. This systematic review explores the recent evidence on how these compounds promote oxidative stress and their impact on different health conditions. This review also addresses the involvement of p-cresol and PCS in conditions such as chronic kidney disease, Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, where oxidative damage contributes to disease progression. Furthermore, this review highlights the need for further research to understand the precise mechanisms by which p-cresol and PCS modulate oxidative stress and their potential as biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and disease management. SUMMARY: This focused review systematically summarizes recent evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in the damage of biological systems produced by two uremic toxins, p-cresol and its conjugated form, p-cresyl sulphate (PCS). p-cresol coming from environmental sources or produced by some gut bacterial strains, modulates various conditions, like chronic kidney disease, Parkinson's disease and autism spectrum disorder, among others. Oxidative damage and inflammation seemingly contribute to disease onset, progression and/or severity. The exact mechanism by which p-cresol and PCS promote oxidative stress, their influence on disease trajectory and their potential role as biomarkers merit further investigation.
最近的研究强调了对甲酚及其共轭形式对甲酚硫酸盐（PCS）在增强氧化应激方面的重要作用，这可能会对各种生物系统产生潜在的有害影响。对甲酚和PCS都会导致活性氧（ROS）生成增加，进而可能导致组织损伤、炎症和一系列生理异常。自闭症谱系障碍患者中，对甲酚水平升高与更高的临床严重程度相关，这与更严重的行为表现和退行史有关。本系统评价探讨了关于这些化合物如何促进氧化应激及其对不同健康状况影响的最新证据。本评价还讨论了对甲酚和PCS在慢性肾病、帕金森病和其他神经退行性疾病等病症中的作用，在这些疾病中氧化损伤会促进疾病进展。此外，本评价强调需要进一步研究，以了解对甲酚和PCS调节氧化应激的精确机制及其作为临床诊断和疾病管理生物标志物的潜力。总结：本重点评价系统总结了近期的证据，即氧化应激在两种尿毒症毒素——对甲酚及其共轭形式对甲酚硫酸盐（PCS）——对生物系统造成的损害中起重要作用。来自环境源或由某些肠道细菌菌株产生的对甲酚会调节多种病症，如慢性肾病、帕金森病和自闭症谱系障碍等。氧化损伤和炎症似乎会导致疾病的发生、进展和/或严重程度。对甲酚和PCS促进氧化应激的确切机制、它们对疾病进程的影响以及它们作为生物标志物的潜在作用值得进一步研究。
