PTSD Symptoms change in response to a brief intensive trauma-focused treatment programme in non-veterans and veterans with war-related PTSD.

Evidence suggests that veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are less likely to benefit from trauma-focused treatment than are patients with PTSD who have not been exposed to war-related trauma. However, new developments in PTSD treatment that combine several evidence-based trauma-focused therapies within a short time frame may help veterans achieve outcomes similar to those of non-veterans. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined changes in PTSD symptoms and diagnostic status after treatment between veterans and non-veterans. The treatment consisted of a four- or eight-day intensive trauma-focused treatment programme that integrated prolonged exposure, EMDR therapy, psycho-education, and physical activities. The sample consisted of 43 veterans and 43 non-veterans, matched based on age, sex, starting date, and duration of treatment. Participants were assessed pre- and post-treatment using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale-5 (CAPS-5). The differences in CAPS-5 scores over time and between groups were modelled using Bayesian repeated-measures ANOVA. We performed Bayesian model averaging to quantify the differences in PTSD symptom changes between groups, based on treatment response, using the exclusion Bayes factor (). PTSD symptoms in both veterans and non-veterans decreased between pre- and post-treatment (Cohen's  = 2.17 and 1.54, respectively). Furthermore, we found moderate evidence of no differences in CAPS-5 scores between the groups ( = 4.8) or between the groups over time ( = 4.9). Although a greater proportion of veterans showed improvement according to the reliable change index than non-veterans (83.7% and 74.4%, respectively), there was no difference between the groups in terms of loss of diagnostic status after treatment (74.4% for veterans and 76.7% for non-veterans). This study provides evidence that veterans with war-related PTSD can benefit from brief intensive, trauma-focused treatment and does not support the notion that veterans need a different treatment approach in such settings.