Therapeutic Potential of Aqueous Extract in Managing Diabetes and Its Complications: Insights From Biochemical and In Silico Studies.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, commonly associated with dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and complications affecting multiple organs, including the kidneys and liver. These complications result from prolonged insulin deficiency or resistance, leading to impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as increased oxidative damage. Effective diabetes management requires not only glycemic control but also addressing associated metabolic and oxidative imbalances. Natural therapies with multi-target actions, such as the aqueous extract of (AqLs), have gained attention for their potential to mitigate both hyperglycemia and related complications. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of AqLs in managing diabetes and its complications. The aerial parts of were collected, dried, and prepared using the decoction method. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats received AqLs at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Biochemical parameters, including blood glucose, lipid profiles, liver glycogen, and markers of kidney and liver function, were assessed. In silico ADME and toxicity assessments were performed to examine the pharmacokinetic behavior and safety of the extract's phytochemicals. AqLs significantly reduced blood glucose levels, improved lipid parameters, and prevented body weight loss in diabetic rats. It also enhanced liver glycogen levels and ameliorated markers of kidney and liver dysfunction. In silico analysis showed that compounds such as naringin and syringic acid demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics and safety, supporting their potential as orally administered therapeutic agents. These findings suggest that aqueous extract exerts significant antihyperglycemic, lipid-lowering, and organ-protective effects, making it a promising natural therapeutic agent for diabetes management.