Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Environ Int. 2018 Oct;119:438-446. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.018. Epub 2018 Jul 20.
Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are ubiquitously detected in indoor environments. Despite increasing health concerns pertaining to PFR exposure, few epidemiological studies have examined PFR exposure and its effect on children's allergies.
To investigate the association between PFRs in house dust, their metabolites in urine, and symptoms of wheeze and allergies among school-aged children.
A total of 128 elementary school-aged children were enrolled. House dust samples were collected from upper-surface objects. Urine samples were collected from the first morning void. Levels of 11 PFRs in dust and 14 PFR metabolites in urine were measured. Parent-reported symptoms of wheeze, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema were evaluated using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. The odds ratios (ORs) of the Ln transformed PFR concentrations and categorical values were calculated using a logistic regression model adjusted for sex, grade, dampness index, annual house income, and creatinine level (for PFR metabolites only).
The prevalence rates of wheeze, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema were 22.7%, 36.7%, and 28.1%, respectively. A significant association between tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) in dust and eczema was observed: OR (95% confidence interval), 1.44 (1.13-1.82) (>limit of detection (LOD) vs <LOD). The ORs for rhinoconjunctivitis (OR = 5.01 [1.53-16.5]) and for at least one symptom of allergy (OR = 3.87 [1.22-12.3]) in the 4th quartile of Σtris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) metabolites was significantly higher than those in the 1st quartile, with significant p-values for trend (P) (0.013 and 0.024, respectively). A high OR of 2.86 (1.04-7.85) (>LOD vs <LOD) was found for hydroxy tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)-OH and eczema. OR of the 3rd tertile of bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) was higher than the 1st tertile as a reference for at least one symptom (OR = 3.91 [1.25-12.3]), with a significant P = 0.020.
We found that TDCIPP in house dust, and metabolites of TDCIPP, TBOEP and TCIPP were associated with children's allergic symptoms. Despite some limitations of this study, these results indicate that children's exposure to PFR may impact their allergic symptoms.
在室内环境中普遍检测到磷酸盐阻燃剂（PFRs）。尽管人们越来越关注 PFR 暴露对健康的影响，但很少有流行病学研究检查 PFR 暴露及其对儿童过敏的影响。
调查室内灰尘中的 PFR 及其尿液代谢物与学龄儿童喘息和过敏症状之间的关系。
共纳入 128 名小学生。从表面物体上采集房屋灰尘样本。从第一次晨尿中采集尿液样本。测量灰尘中 11 种 PFR 和尿液中 14 种 PFR 代谢物的含量。使用国际儿童哮喘和过敏研究问卷调查了父母报告的喘息、鼻结膜炎和湿疹症状。使用逻辑回归模型计算了 Ln 转换的 PFR 浓度和分类值的比值比（OR），该模型调整了性别、年级、潮湿指数、家庭年收入和肌酐水平（仅用于 PFR 代谢物）。
喘息、鼻结膜炎和湿疹的患病率分别为 22.7%、36.7%和 28.1%。在灰尘中发现三（1,3-二氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TDCIPP）与湿疹之间存在显著关联：比值比（95%置信区间），1.44（1.13-1.82）（>检测限（LOD）与 <LOD）。TCIPP 代谢物第 4 四分位组的鼻结膜炎（OR=5.01 [1.53-16.5]）和至少一种过敏症状（OR=3.87 [1.22-12.3]）的 OR 明显高于第 1 四分位组，趋势（P）的显著 p 值分别为 0.013 和 0.024。羟三（2-丁氧基乙基）磷酸酯（TBOEP）-OH 与湿疹的高 OR 为 2.86（1.04-7.85）（>LOD 与 <LOD）。BDCIPP 的第 3 三分位组的 OR 高于第 1 三分位组作为参考，至少有一个症状（OR=3.91 [1.25-12.3]），P 值显著为 0.020。
我们发现房屋灰尘中的 TDCIPP 及其 TDCIPP、TBOEP 和 TCIPP 的代谢物与儿童的过敏症状有关。尽管这项研究存在一些局限性，但这些结果表明儿童接触 PFR 可能会影响他们的过敏症状。
