Chromosome-Contiguous Reference Genome from a Single Archived Specimen Elucidates Human Hookworm Biology and Host-Parasite Interactions.

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are parasitic nematodes that infect humans, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, where they contribute substantially to neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Among them, hookworms (, and ) cause substantial morbidity, leading to anaemia, malnutrition, and developmental impairment. Despite the global impact of hookworm disease, genomic research on has lagged behind that of other hookworms, limiting comparative and molecular biological investigations. Here, we report the first chromosome-level reference genome of , assembled from a single adult specimen archived in ethanol at -20 °C for more than 27 years. Using third-generation sequencing (PacBio Revio, Menlo Park, CA, USA, Oxford Nanopore, Oxford, UK), Hi-C scaffolding, and advanced computational tools, we produced a high-quality 319 Mb genome, filling a critical gap in hookworm genomics. Comparative analyses with and the related, free-living nematode provided new insights into genome organisation, synteny, and specific adaptations. While exhibited strong chromosomal synteny with , its limited synteny with highlights its distinct parasitic adaptations. We identified 20,015 protein-coding genes, including conserved single-copy orthologues (SCOs) linked to host-pathogen interactions, immune evasion and essential biological processes. The first comprehensive secretome analysis of revealed a diverse repertoire of excretory/secretory (ES) proteins, including immunomodulatory candidates predicted to interact with host structural and immune-related proteins. This study advances hookworm genomics, establishes a basis for the sequencing of archival specimens, and provides fundamental insights into the molecular biology of . The genomic resource for this hookworm species creates new opportunities for diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine development within a framework. It complements recent epidemiological work and aligns with the WHO NTD roadmap (2021-2030) and Sustainable Development Goal 3.3.