Extract Attenuates Obesity by Targeting Adipogenic Pathways and Gut Dysbiosis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

Obesity is a major metabolic disorder driven by excessive adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. This study investigated the anti-obesity effects and molecular mechanisms of alcohol extract (ACE) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model. In vitro, alcohol extract significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells by downregulating PPARγ and C/EBPα, while activating the AMPK pathway and suppressing MAPK signaling. In vivo, alcohol extract administration reduced body weight, adipose tissue mass, and liver lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-fed mice, ameliorating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) symptoms. Transcriptomic analysis of adipose tissue revealed that alcohol extract modulated key gene expression profiles related to fatty acid metabolism and adipogenesis, suppressing lipid synthesis while enhancing β-oxidation. Furthermore, alcohol extract rebalanced gut microbiota, increasing beneficial bacterial populations such as and , while reducing pro-inflammatory species. These findings demonstrate that alcohol extract exerts multifaceted anti-obesity effects by regulating lipid metabolism, adipogenesis pathways, and gut microbiota composition, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for obesity management.