Hu Lilio, Borelli Greta, Gessaroli Elisa, Ruotolo Chiara, Bin Sofia, Papalia Giuliana, Patella Gemma, Liberti Maria Elena, Baraldi Olga, Zaza Gianluigi, Capelli Irene, Provenzano Michele
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Santa Maria Delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
Life (Basel). 2025 May 31;15(6):896. doi: 10.3390/life15060896.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread condition with significant cardiovascular risks and a progression to end-stage kidney failure. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of dietary interventions as a factor capable of influencing disease trajectory. This review summarizes the current observational and interventional evidence on various dietary approaches in patients with CKD and kidney transplants (KTs), including Mediterranean, plant-based, and low-protein diets. A balanced Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and unsaturated fats, shows promises in improving the prognosis for CKD patients. Plant-based diets, which emphasize legumes, vegetables, and grains while minimizing animal protein, improve blood pressure and the glycemic and lipid control. Low-protein diets (LPDs), typically providing less than 0.6 g/kg/day of protein, may reduce the CKD progression and nitrogen burden, further delaying the initiation of dialysis. In conclusion, diets represent a valuable and underutilized therapeutic strategy in the management of CKD and KTs, influencing disease progression and patient outcomes.
慢性肾脏病（CKD）是一种普遍存在的疾病，具有重大的心血管风险，且会进展为终末期肾衰竭。近年来，饮食干预作为一种能够影响疾病发展轨迹的因素，受到了越来越多的关注。本综述总结了目前关于CKD患者和肾移植（KT）患者各种饮食方法的观察性和干预性证据，包括地中海饮食、植物性饮食和低蛋白饮食。均衡的地中海饮食富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物、鱼类和不饱和脂肪，有望改善CKD患者的预后。植物性饮食强调豆类、蔬菜和谷物，同时尽量减少动物蛋白的摄入，可改善血压以及血糖和血脂控制。低蛋白饮食（LPDs）通常每天提供低于0.6克/千克的蛋白质，可能会减缓CKD的进展并减轻氮负荷，从而进一步推迟透析的开始。总之，饮食在CKD和KT的管理中是一种有价值但未得到充分利用的治疗策略，会影响疾病进展和患者预后。
