Design and Validation of Low-Cost, Portable Impedance Analyzer System for Biopotential Electrode Evaluation and Skin/Electrode Impedance Measurement.

This paper presents a novel, low-cost, portable impedance analyzer system designed for biopotential electrode evaluation and skin/electrode impedance measurement, critical for enhancing bioelectrical signal quality in healthcare applications. In contrast with conventional systems that depend on external PCs or host devices for data acquisition, visualization, and analysis, this design integrates all functionalities into a single, compact platform powered by the Analog Devices AD5933 impedance converter and a Raspberry Pi 4. The design incorporates custom analog circuitry to extend the measurement range from 10 Hz to 100 kHz and supports a wide impedance spectrum through switchable feedback resistors. Validated against a benchtop impedance analyzer, the system demonstrates high accuracy with normalized root-mean-square errors (NRMSEs) of 1.41% and 3.77% for the impedance magnitude and phase of passive components, respectively, and 1.43% and 1.29% for the biopotential electrode evaluation and skin/electrode impedance measurement. This cost-effective solution, with a total cost of USD 159, addresses the accessibility challenges faced by smaller research labs and healthcare facilities, offering a compact, low-power platform for reliable impedance analysis in biomedical applications.