Xu Tianxiang, Wang Hong, Hao Huirong, Lin Chaowen, Hu Kelin
College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China.
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.
Plants (Basel). 2025 Jun 6;14(12):1744. doi: 10.3390/plants14121744.
The application of urease inhibitors (UIs) and optimizing nitrogen (N) split application ratio (NSR) can both minimize ammonia (NH) volatilization and increase rice yield. However, few studies have analyzed the combined effects of these two practices with straw returning on rice yield and NH volatilization. In this study, based on a field experiment involving rice yield, aboveground dry matter (ADM), crop N uptake (N), and NH volatilization from 2018 to 2019 in Sichuan Basin, China, the WHCNS (soil water heat carbon nitrogen simulator) model was used to simulate the effects of straw returning, UI, and NSR on rice growth and NH volatilization. The results showed that the WHCNS model performed well in simulating rice growth and NH volatilization. With straw return amount exceeding 4 t ha, rice yield increased slowly or stabilized, while N and NH volatilization continued to increase. Increasing the panicle fertilizer (PF) proportion enhanced N during the PF stage, thereby promoting yield improvement. The NSR (a 1:1:3 ratio of base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer, and PF) achieved the highest yield, exceeding that of 2:1:2 by 0.29, 0.23, and 0.08 t ha at straw return amounts of 2, 3, and 4 t ha, respectively. However, the effects of UI on N and yield enhancement were limited. Furthermore, optimized NSR and the application of UI reduced NH volatilization during the basal or tiller fertilizer stages, leading to an average decrease of 5.5% and 8.5% in total NH volatilization, respectively. Meanwhile, the increase in straw return amount reduced the NH volatilization reduction effects of both practices. Overall, the combination of NSR and UI with the straw return amount of 3 t ha was the optimal practice for balancing food security and environmental benefits in purple soil area.
施用脲酶抑制剂（UIs）和优化氮肥分期施用比例（NSR）均能减少氨（NH）挥发并提高水稻产量。然而，鲜有研究分析这两种措施与秸秆还田相结合对水稻产量和NH挥发的综合影响。本研究基于2018年至2019年在中国四川盆地进行的一项涉及水稻产量、地上部干物质（ADM）、作物氮吸收量（N）和NH挥发的田间试验，利用WHCNS（土壤水热碳氮模拟器）模型模拟秸秆还田、UIs和NSR对水稻生长及NH挥发的影响。结果表明，WHCNS模型在模拟水稻生长和NH挥发方面表现良好。当秸秆还田量超过4 t·ha时，水稻产量增长缓慢或趋于稳定，而氮素和NH挥发量持续增加。增加穗肥（PF）比例可提高PF阶段的氮素含量，从而促进产量提高。NSR（基肥、分蘖肥和PF比例为1:1:3）产量最高，在秸秆还田量为2、3和4 t·ha时，分别比2:1:2的处理高出0.29、0.23和0.08 t·ha。然而，UIs对氮素和产量提高的作用有限。此外，优化的NSR和UIs的施用减少了基肥或分蘖肥阶段的NH挥发，使总NH挥发量分别平均降低了5.5%和8.5%。同时，秸秆还田量的增加降低了这两种措施对NH挥发的减少效果。总体而言，在紫色土地区，NSR和UIs与3 t·ha的秸秆还田量相结合是平衡粮食安全和环境效益的最佳措施。
