Protocol for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into surface epithelium and functional keratinocytes.

The normal development and function of the epidermis and other ectodermal appendages depend on the proper formation of the surface epithelium (SE). Here, we present a protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into SE and subsequently into epidermal keratinocyte progenitors. We then detail procedures for the passage and expansion of keratinocyte progenitors, followed by 2D validation of terminal differentiation and 3D assessment of stratification potential. This protocol represents a promising advancement for stem cell-based regenerative medicine. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al. and Huang et al..