Genetic variants in oncogenic miRNA and 3' untranslated region of tumor suppressor genes: emerging insight into cancer genetics.

The miRNAs are key regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression. These are associated with the different molecular mechanisms which are engaged in the pathogenesis of various cancers, including breast cancer. The tumor suppressor and oncogenic miRNAs have a significant impact on cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and apoptotic pathways. Variation in oncogenic miRNA encoding and the 3' UTR of the tumor suppressor genes associated with the development and prognosis of the cancer is being explored. These genetic variants alter oncogenic miRNAs' stability, target recognition, and binding ability, thereby resulting in the dysregulation of their target tumor suppressor gene, leading to uncontrolled cell division, a significant hallmark of cancer. The current review has been compiled to explore the genetic variation reported in the oncogenic miRNA encoding and 3' UTR of their target tumor suppressor genes associated with the development of breast cancer and its progression, focusing on the associated molecular mechanisms. Further, an effort has been made to discuss the possible therapeutic strategies, especially anti-miR, RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas, and ASOs, that have the potential to restore the function of the dysregulated tumor suppressor as well as oncogenic miRNA encoding genes.