Madhukalya Rishav, Yadav Urvashi, Parray Hilal Ahmad, Raj Nisha, Lupitha Santhik Subhasingh, Kumar Vivek, Saroj Anjali, Agarwal Vidushi, Kumar Dilip, Das Supratik, Kumar Rajesh
Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), 247667, Roorkee, India.
Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana- 121001, India.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 Jul 1;109(1):158. doi: 10.1007/s00253-025-13474-6.
The highly infectious Nipah virus (NiV) is classified under the Paramyxoviridae family and is categorized under the genus Henipavirus. NiV spreads to humans through zoonotic transmission from reservoir host bats and other intermediate hosts. It is highly contagious and has a high case fatality rate (CFR) of ~ 40-80%. Only sporadic outbreaks have been reported so far, but like SARS-CoV2, NiV has a high pandemic potential and has been put on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogen list. Currently, no clinically approved antivirals, immunotherapy, or vaccines are available to tackle NiV infection, thereby necessitating further research into its life cycle, transmission, and pathogenesis. This detailed review outlines the origin and spread of the Nipah virus, its modes of transmission, risk factors, its genome, key proteins, pathogenesis, and clinical features. We also discuss different diagnostic approaches and ongoing research to develop therapies ranging from antibodies to vaccines. KEY POINTS: •Pandemic preparedness for emerging and re-emerging viruses. •Novel approaches for diagnostics and therapeutics for Nipah viruse. •Global threat from biosafety level 4 pathogens. •Animal models for Nipah virus research.
高传染性的尼帕病毒（NiV）属于副粘病毒科，归类于亨尼帕病毒属。NiV通过储主宿主蝙蝠和其他中间宿主的人畜共患病传播给人类。它具有高度传染性，病死率（CFR）高达约40%-80%。迄今为止，仅报告了散发性疫情，但与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV2）一样，NiV具有很高的大流行潜力，已被列入世界卫生组织（WHO）重点病原体名单。目前，尚无临床批准的抗病毒药物、免疫疗法或疫苗可用于应对NiV感染，因此有必要进一步研究其生命周期、传播和发病机制。这篇详细综述概述了尼帕病毒的起源和传播、传播方式、危险因素、基因组、关键蛋白、发病机制和临床特征。我们还讨论了不同的诊断方法以及为开发从抗体到疫苗等各种疗法而正在进行的研究。要点：•对新出现和再次出现的病毒的大流行防范。•尼帕病毒诊断和治疗的新方法。•来自生物安全4级病原体的全球威胁。•用于尼帕病毒研究的动物模型。
