Liew Yvonne Jing Mei, Ibrahim Puteri Ainaa S, Ong Hui Ming, Chong Chee Ning, Tan Chong Tin, Schee Jie Ping, Gómez Román Raúl, Cherian Neil George, Wong Won Fen, Chang Li-Yen
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
Deputy Vice Chancellor's Office (Research & Innovation), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
Microorganisms. 2022 Jun 6;10(6):1162. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10061162.
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal zoonotic paramyxovirus that emerged in Malaysia in 1998. It is a human pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory infection and encephalitis. The natural reservoir of NiV, Pteropus fruit bats, remains a continuous virus source for future outbreaks, although infection in the bats is largely asymptomatic. NiV provokes serious disease in various mammalian species. In the recent human NiV outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, both bats-to-human and human-to-human transmissions have been observed. NiV has been demonstrated to interfere with the innate immune response via interferon type I signaling, promoting viral dissemination and preventing antiviral response. Studies of humoral immunity in infected NiV patients and animal models have shown that NiV-specific antibodies were produced upon infection and were protective. Studies on cellular immunity response to NiV infection in human and animal models also found that the adaptive immune response, specifically CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, was stimulated upon NiV infection. The experimental vaccines and therapeutic strategies developed have provided insights into the immunological requirements for the development of successful medical countermeasures against NiV. This review summarizes the current understanding of NiV pathogenesis and innate and adaptive immune responses induced upon infection.
尼帕病毒（NiV）是一种高致死性人畜共患副粘病毒，于1998年在马来西亚出现。它是一种能够引起严重呼吸道感染和脑炎的人类病原体。NiV的自然宿主——狐蝠，仍然是未来疫情爆发的持续病毒来源，尽管蝙蝠感染大多无症状。NiV可在多种哺乳动物物种中引发严重疾病。在最近孟加拉国和印度的人类NiV疫情中，已观察到蝙蝠传人以及人传人的传播情况。已证明NiV通过I型干扰素信号传导干扰先天免疫反应，促进病毒传播并阻止抗病毒反应。对感染NiV的患者和动物模型的体液免疫研究表明，感染后会产生NiV特异性抗体，且具有保护作用。对人和动物模型中NiV感染的细胞免疫反应研究还发现，NiV感染会刺激适应性免疫反应，特别是CD4+和CD8+T细胞。已开发的实验性疫苗和治疗策略为成功开发针对NiV的医学对策所需的免疫要求提供了见解。本综述总结了目前对NiV发病机制以及感染后诱导的先天和适应性免疫反应的理解。
