Vijay Deepthi, Bedi Jasbir Singh, Dhaka Pankaj, Singh Randhir, Singh Jaswinder, Arora Anil Kumar, Gill Jatinder Paul Singh
Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.
Front Vet Sci. 2025 Jun 17;12:1553468. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1553468. eCollection 2025.
Antimicrobial-resistant serves as an indicator for monitoring the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the human, animal, and environmental interface. The present study employs a 'One Health' framework to determine the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the AMR profile and biofilm forming ability of isolates from milk, hand swabs and slurry samples of 405 dairy herds in Punjab, India. An overall prevalence of was 34.3% (139/405) (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.39) from pooled milk samples, 9.1% (37/405) (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.12) from the hand swabs of animal handlers and 64.4% (261/405) (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.69) in the slurry samples. Multidrug resistance (resistance to 3 or more classes of antimicrobials) was exhibited by 24.4% (34/139) of isolates from milk, 40.5% (15/37) from hand swabs, 60.5% (158/261) from slurry samples. Moreover, of the isolates, 11.51% (16/139) from milk, 24.32% (09/37) from hand swabs and 31.42% (82/261) from slurry samples were resistant to 5 or more antimicrobial classes. On molecular characterisation, 19.4% (27/139) of isolates from milk, 37.8% (14/37) from hand swabs, and 33.3% (87/261) from slurry samples harboured various genes. Principal component analysis and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices highlighted varying -lactamase (ESBL/AmpC β-lactamase) gene distributions across samples, with milk exhibiting the highest diversity. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant protective effect of milk hygiene scores against occurrence (OR = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.13-0.26, < 0.001), while linear regression demonstrated a significant negative association between milk hygiene scores and the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index ( = 0.02). Biofilm assays revealed that 19.2% of isolates were strong biofilm formers, with a strong association ( < 0.01) between biofilm formation potential and MAR index. The multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were predominantly moderate biofilm producers, with 23.5% (milk), 20% (hand swabs), and 24.1% (slurry) classified as strong biofilm formers. The study findings underscore the need for One Health-integrated strategies to holistically address AMR challenges at the dairy-environment interface.
抗菌药物耐药性是监测人类、动物和环境界面抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）发生情况的一个指标。本研究采用“同一健康”框架，以确定印度旁遮普邦405个奶牛场的牛奶、手部拭子和粪便样本中分离株的AMR谱及生物膜形成能力的流行情况、表型和基因型特征。合并牛奶样本的总体流行率为34.3%（139/405）（95%CI：0.30至0.39），动物饲养员手部拭子的流行率为9.1%（37/405）（95%CI：0.06至0.12），粪便样本的流行率为64.4%（261/405）（95%CI：0.60至0.69）。来自牛奶的分离株中有24.4%（34/139）表现出多重耐药性（对3类或更多类抗菌药物耐药），手部拭子分离株中有40.5%（15/37），粪便样本分离株中有60.5%（158/261）。此外，来自牛奶的分离株中有11.51%（16/139），手部拭子分离株中有24.32%（09/37），粪便样本分离株中有31.42%（82/261）对5类或更多类抗菌药物耐药。在分子特征分析中，来自牛奶的分离株中有19.4%（27/139），手部拭子分离株中有37.8%（14/37），粪便样本分离株中有33.3%（87/261）携带各种基因。主成分分析和香农-维纳多样性指数突出了不同样本中β-内酰胺酶（ESBL/AmpCβ-内酰胺酶）基因分布的差异，牛奶样本表现出最高的多样性。逻辑回归分析显示牛奶卫生评分对AMR发生有显著的保护作用（OR = 0.18；95%CI：0.13 - 0.26，P < 0.001），而线性回归表明牛奶卫生评分与多重抗生素耐药性（MAR）指数之间存在显著的负相关（P = 0.02）。生物膜检测显示19.2%的分离株是强生物膜形成者，生物膜形成潜力与MAR指数之间存在强关联（P < 0.01）。多重耐药（MDR）分离株主要是中度生物膜产生者，其中23.5%（牛奶）、20%（手部拭子）和24.1%（粪便）被归类为强生物膜形成者。研究结果强调了需要采取“同一健康”综合策略，以全面应对奶牛-环境界面的AMR挑战。
