Khalkhal Kamal, Reyhanitabar Adel, Oustan Shahin, Aliasgharzad Nasser
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Jul 2;197(8):847. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14284-z.
In this research, the municipal solid waste (MSW) was co-composted with HSO-activated biochar (HSO-AB), NaOH-activated biochar (NaOH-AB), MgSO-modified zeolite (MgSO-zeolite), and leonardite. Several maturity and stability parameters were determined over the co-composting period. Results showed that activating biochar with NaOH or HSO resulted in the formation of a mesh structure with irregularly sized cavities and deep pores, thereby modifying the biochar surface. All of the additives used in this study yielded higher microbial respiration and dehydrogenase activity during the thermophilic phase. Both NaOH-AB and HSO-AB amended composts exhibited higher respiration rates than that of leonardite and zeolite, averaging 24% greater than the control. However, the 10% leonardite amended compost created a higher degree of humification than the rest of the treatments in co-compost based on humic acid yield and the E/E and E/E ratios. Furthermore, the 5% NaOH-AB amended compost was identified as the superior treatment due to its longest thermophilic period (7 days) and the highest temperature (71.5 °C), germination index (130.9%), and total nitrogen content (1.37%). This treatment also resulted in the greatest decline in NH⁺ concentration and the lowest availability of Cu and Cd (p < 0.05). However, the 10% HSO-AB amended compost was noted as the superior treatment based on maximum organic matter content (36.8%) and C/N ratio (18.1), along with the lowest nitrate concentration (254.4 mg/kg) and the lowest available Zn, Fe, Mn, and Pb concentrations (p < 0.05). Therefore, acid and base-activated biochars are suggested as the most suitable additives for improving the quality of MSW-derived co-compost.
在本研究中，城市固体废物（MSW）与HSO活化生物炭（HSO-AB）、NaOH活化生物炭（NaOH-AB）、MgSO改性沸石（MgSO-沸石）和风化煤一起进行共堆肥。在共堆肥期间测定了几个成熟度和稳定性参数。结果表明，用NaOH或HSO活化生物炭会形成具有大小不规则的空洞和深孔的网状结构，从而改变生物炭表面。本研究中使用的所有添加剂在嗜热阶段均产生了更高的微生物呼吸和脱氢酶活性。NaOH-AB和HSO-AB改良堆肥的呼吸速率均高于风化煤和沸石，平均比对照高24%。然而，基于腐殖酸产量以及E/E和E/E比率，10%风化煤改良堆肥在共堆肥中产生的腐殖化程度高于其他处理。此外，5%NaOH-AB改良堆肥被确定为最佳处理，因为其嗜热期最长（7天），温度最高（71.5℃），发芽指数（130.9%）和总氮含量（1.37%）。该处理还导致NH⁺浓度下降最大，Cu和Cd的有效性最低（p<0.05）。然而，基于最大有机质含量（36.8%）和C/N比（18.1），以及最低硝酸盐浓度（254.4mg/kg）和最低有效Zn、Fe、Mn和Pb浓度（p<0.05），10%HSO-AB改良堆肥被认为是最佳处理。因此，酸碱活化生物炭被认为是提高城市固体废物衍生共堆肥质量的最合适添加剂。
