Inan Irem Melike, Unsal Berrin, Isler Sila Cagri, Firincioglulari Mujgan, Valiyeva Dursun, Ozmeric Nurdan
Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
BMC Oral Health. 2025 Jul 2;25(1):1043. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-06272-z.
This study investigated the association between unilateral and bilateral carotid artery calcifications (CAC) and periodontal disease severity using panoramic radiographs, and assessed the influence of systemic risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking.
A retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 116 radiographs from 87 females and 29 males with CAC. CAC was identified as radiopaque lesions near the C3-C4 intervertebral space. Participants were categorized into unilateral or bilateral CAC groups. Demographic data, medical histories, and periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing, probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss) were recorded. Participants were classified as healthy, gingivitis, periodontitis stage I-II, or stage III-IV. Binomial logistic regression and independent samples t-tests were used.
Age and gender were not significantly associated with the type of CAC (p > 0.05). Only PD showed a significant association: an increase in PD was linked to higher odds of unilateral CAC and lower odds of bilateral CAC (p < 0.05). Smoking, diabetes, and hypertension were not significantly associated with the type of CAC (p > 0.05). Unilateral CAC was linked to higher GI, PD, and stage III-IV periodontitis, while bilateral CAC was more common in stage I-II (p < 0.05).
The findings suggest a differential association between the severity of periodontitis and the type of CAC. Unilateral CAC may be more strongly linked to advanced periodontal inflammation, possibly reflecting an earlier, inflammation-dominant phase of atherosclerosis. Due to the cross-sectional design and use of panoramic radiographs, causal inferences cannot be drawn. Further longitudinal studies using advanced imaging techniques are needed.
本研究使用全景X线片调查单侧和双侧颈动脉钙化（CAC）与牙周疾病严重程度之间的关联，并评估高血压、糖尿病和吸烟等全身风险因素的影响。
一项回顾性横断面研究分析了来自87名女性和29名男性患有CAC者的116张X线片。CAC被识别为C3 - C4椎间隙附近的不透射线病变。参与者被分为单侧或双侧CAC组。记录人口统计学数据、病史和牙周参数（菌斑指数、牙龈指数（GI）、探诊出血、探诊深度（PD）和临床附着丧失）。参与者被分类为健康、牙龈炎、牙周炎I - II期或III - IV期。使用二项逻辑回归和独立样本t检验。
年龄和性别与CAC类型无显著关联（p > 0.05）。仅PD显示出显著关联：PD增加与单侧CAC的较高几率相关，而与双侧CAC的较低几率相关（p < 0.05）。吸烟、糖尿病和高血压与CAC类型无显著关联（p > 0.05）。单侧CAC与较高的GI、PD和III - IV期牙周炎相关，而双侧CAC在I - II期更为常见（p < 0.05）。
研究结果表明牙周炎严重程度与CAC类型之间存在差异关联。单侧CAC可能与晚期牙周炎症更密切相关，这可能反映了动脉粥样硬化早期以炎症为主的阶段。由于横断面设计和全景X线片的使用，无法得出因果推断。需要使用先进成像技术进行进一步的纵向研究。
