Bogacka Anna, Wroczynska Agnieszka, Rymer Weronika, Grzesiowski Paweł, Kant Ravi, Grzybek Maciej, Parczewski Miłosz
Department of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Science with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland.
Family Travel Health Advisory Clinic, Vaccination Reference Center, Polanki Children's Hospital, Gdansk, Poland.
One Health. 2025 Apr 10;20:101030. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101030. eCollection 2025 Jun.
Mpox (monkeypox), caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is a zoonotic disease from the Poxviridae family, closely related to smallpox. It presents with high fever, rash, and pustules, with human-to-human transmission first reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970. Historically, such transmissions were rare, but since 2022, an alarming global surge in infections began, originating in the United Kingdom. By mid-2024, 99,176 cases and 208 deaths were reported in 116 countries, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare Mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) twice, in 2022 and 2024. Although vaccines for smallpox have shown partial efficacy against MPOX, viral transmission persists, and there is no specific therapy or vaccine developed solely for Mpox. Current treatments rely on therapies designed for smallpox, including antivirals like tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of MPOX. We discuss recent progress in diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development while addressing key prevention strategies. Mpox risk remains high in regions like the Democratic Republic of Congo, moderate in other African countries, and lower globally, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM), where sexual transmission predominates. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, confirmed by PCR testing of skin lesions or swabs, while HIV testing is recommended for adults with Mpox. Preventive measures, including isolation and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), are essential, alongside the use of two available vaccines, Jynneos and ACAM2000, which show partial efficacy against Mpox.
猴痘由猴痘病毒（MPXV）引起，是一种属于痘病毒科的人畜共患病，与天花密切相关。其症状包括高热、皮疹和脓疱，1970年在刚果民主共和国首次报告了人际传播情况。从历史上看，这种传播很罕见，但自2022年以来，全球感染人数开始惊人地激增，源头是英国。到2024年年中，116个国家报告了99176例病例和208例死亡，促使世界卫生组织（WHO）在2022年和2024年两次宣布猴痘为国际关注的突发公共卫生事件（PHEIC）。尽管天花疫苗对猴痘显示出部分疗效，但病毒传播仍在持续，而且目前还没有专门为猴痘研发的特效疗法或疫苗。当前的治疗方法依赖于针对天花设计的疗法，包括抗病毒药物如特考韦瑞、布林西多福韦和西多福韦。本综述的目的是提供猴痘流行病学、临床表现和管理策略的最新概述。我们讨论了诊断、治疗和疫苗研发方面的最新进展，同时阐述了关键的预防策略。在刚果民主共和国等地区，猴痘风险仍然很高，在其他非洲国家为中等风险，在全球范围内风险较低，特别是在男男性行为者（MSM）中，性传播占主导地位。诊断基于临床表现，通过对皮肤病变或拭子进行PCR检测来确诊，同时建议对成年猴痘患者进行HIV检测。预防措施，包括隔离和使用个人防护装备（PPE），至关重要，同时还可使用两种现有的疫苗，即Jynneos和ACAM2000，它们对猴痘显示出部分疗效。
