Lie Sole Lindvåg, Rognes Ingrid Nygren
Department of Research and Development, Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Oslo, Norway.
Akershus University Hospital, Akershus, Norway.
Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2025 Jul 10;33(1):124. doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01434-y.
Studying the physiological response to severe hemorrhage remains challenging in real-world patients. Animal and human models mitigate some of the challenges by facilitating controlled studies on hemorrhagic shock. Here, we comment on existing and future hemorrhagic shock models.
While small animal models are cost-effective and suited for proof-of-concept studies, large animal models provide better translational relevance as they are physiologically and anatomically more comparable to humans. Experimental models in healthy volunteers- and specifically the lower body negative pressure model- offer a human model to study early hemodynamic responses to simulated hemorrhage, though limited in severity and lack of tissue injury.
Animal and human models are valuable in studying the physiological response to hemorrhage. Acknowledging their respective limitations, a triangulated approach can enhance our overall understanding of hemorrhagic shock. In the future, we expect artificial intelligence, machine learning and computer-based simulation models to complement existing research models.
在实际患者中研究严重出血的生理反应仍然具有挑战性。动物和人体模型通过促进对失血性休克的对照研究，缓解了一些挑战。在此，我们对现有的和未来的失血性休克模型进行评论。
虽然小动物模型具有成本效益且适用于概念验证研究，但大动物模型在生理和解剖学上与人类更具可比性，因此具有更好的转化相关性。健康志愿者的实验模型——特别是下体负压模型——提供了一个人体模型来研究对模拟出血的早期血流动力学反应，尽管其严重程度有限且缺乏组织损伤。
动物和人体模型在研究出血的生理反应方面具有重要价值。认识到它们各自的局限性，采用三角测量法可以增强我们对失血性休克的整体理解。未来，我们期望人工智能、机器学习和基于计算机的模拟模型能够补充现有的研究模型。
