Antibiotic use in rural Kenyan livestock: navigating misuse, experience gaps and AMR risks.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health threat, with the greatest risk observed in low- to middle-income countries, particularly in the global south. The World Health Organization advocates for a One Health approach to address AMR, promoting collaboration across sectors, including in agriculture. This study aims to enhance understanding of antimicrobial use and stewardship in livestock within pastoralist communities in northern Kenya, where there is limited information. The study employed a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews to gather data on farming practices and antibiotic use. Interviews were conducted by trained volunteers proficient in Swahili and Ma (a Maasai language), across four pastoralist communities in northern Kenya in December 2023. The data were then thematically analysed by four researchers. Fifty-one individuals participated in the study. Thematic analysis revealed several key insights, including the widespread misuse of antibiotics, often used on intuition and without professional support. A notable barrier to appropriate use was the lack of veterinary advice, with many participants relying on agrovets or past experience for guidance. Cross-use of antibiotics, such as administering animal antibiotics to humans, was also observed. Awareness of AMR was limited, and leftover antibiotics were often saved or shared across communities. The findings from this study underscore the critical need for targeted education and training within these communities.