Casuso Rafael A, Goossens Lennert
Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Calle Escritor Castilla Aguayo, 4, Poniente Sur, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avenida de las Universidades, 2, 41704 Sevilla, Spain.
Nutrients. 2025 Jun 21;17(13):2070. doi: 10.3390/nu17132070.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Muscle strength and mass are key determinants of exercise performance and a hallmark of health span. Recently, several meta-analyses have concluded that protein supplementation timing does not alter muscle strength and mass gains. However, these meta-analyses did not directly compare several supplementation timings within the same study, thus limiting their conclusions. The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis including only studies directly comparing protein intake before and after exercise.
Three databases (PubMed ( = 748), Web of Science ( = 1458), and Scopus ( = 1105)) and reference lists were searched from inception to January 15, 2024 to identify studies where subjects were randomized to consume protein before or after each training session for at least 4 weeks. Risk of bias was evaluated using the critical appraisal checklist for RCT. A meta-analysis was performed using random-effect models. The outcomes were strength and lean body mass.
Of 3311 records identified, 6 reports (5 studies) were eligible and all were considered of sufficient quality to be included in the meta-analysis. For the chest press exercise, there was no effect of protein timing on repeated maximum (RM) (SMD: 0.07; 95% CI: -0.248 to 0.395; = 0%, = 0.653). For the leg press exercise, consuming protein before training increased the RM more than after training (SMD: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.005 to 1.388; = 31%, = 0.048). However, subgroup analysis did not reveal a significant effect difference ( = 0.07) for leg press and chest press. Lean body mass was not differently modulated by protein supplementation timing (SMD: -0.08; 95% CI: -0.398 to 0.244; = 0%, = 0.641).
Protein timing does not importantly modify exercise-induced changes in lean body mass. While upper and lower limbs strength may respond differently, more investigation is needed to reach a more robust conclusion. The present review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023464503).
背景/目的：肌肉力量和质量是运动表现的关键决定因素，也是健康寿命的一个标志。最近，几项荟萃分析得出结论，蛋白质补充时间不会改变肌肉力量和质量的增加。然而，这些荟萃分析并没有在同一研究中直接比较几种补充时间，因此限制了它们的结论。本研究的目的是进行一项荟萃分析，只纳入直接比较运动前后蛋白质摄入量的研究。
检索了三个数据库（PubMed（n = 748）、Web of Science（n = 1458）和Scopus（n = 1105））以及参考文献列表，时间范围从数据库建立到2024年1月15日，以确定将受试者随机分配在每次训练前或训练后摄入蛋白质至少4周的研究。使用随机对照试验的关键评估清单评估偏倚风险。使用随机效应模型进行荟萃分析。结果指标为力量和去脂体重。
在识别出的3311条记录中，6篇报告（5项研究）符合条件，所有这些报告都被认为质量足够高，可以纳入荟萃分析。对于卧推运动，蛋白质摄入时间对重复最大值（RM）没有影响（标准化均数差：0.07；95%置信区间：-0.248至0.395；I² = 0%，P = 0.653）。对于腿举运动，训练前摄入蛋白质比训练后摄入蛋白质使RM增加更多（标准化均数差：0.70；95%置信区间：0.005至1.388；I² = 31%，P = 0.048）。然而，亚组分析未显示腿举和卧推的效应差异有统计学意义（P = 0.07）。蛋白质补充时间对去脂体重的调节没有差异（标准化均数差：-0.08；95%置信区间：-0.398至0.244；I² = 0%，P = 0.641）。
蛋白质摄入时间对运动引起的去脂体重变化没有重要影响。虽然上肢和下肢力量的反应可能不同，但需要更多的研究才能得出更可靠的结论。本综述已在PROSPERO（CRD42023464503）注册。
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