Heartbreakers: Decoding the Molecular Dynamics of Stimulants Abuse on the Cardiovascular System.

This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between stimulants abuse, particularly involving caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate and cocaine, offering a detailed and insightful overview of the multifaceted consequences of stimulant drug use on the cardiovascular system. Substance abuse is a medical and socioeconomic issue, which should be regarded properly with respect to its multifaceted implications. For instance, chronic usage exponentially increases the cardiovascular risk, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. Arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, thrombosis and ischemia are just some of the direct effects of stimulants on vessels and heart, which lead in time to more severe pathological changes, such as hypertension, cardiomyopathies, valvulopathies, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease and other cerebrovascular diseases. The different approaches and diverse perspectives of this review, highlight the clinical significance of this complex field. Moreover, opportunities for further research and exploration are pointed out, thus  promoting public education, personalized medical approaches, and targeted interventions to mitigate the substantial morbidity and mortality linked to stimulant abuse. Hopefully, this effort will enhance public cardiovascular well-being.