Mahmoud Doaa S, Zaher Khlood S Abdel, El-Sabbagh Salwa H, Yossef A M, Nawwar Galal A M
Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
Green Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 14;15(1):25363. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-09065-0.
Green flexible conductive composites (FCCs) with high flexibility and foldability have potential uses in wearables, artificial intelligence (AI), and other fields. This research explores the valorization of aluminum hybrid fillers (lignin, silica, and fatty acids) extracted from rice straw black liquor to develop sustainable rubber composites. The natural rubber (NR) matrix was reinforced with different fillers: sodium bentonite, silica, and a synthesized Al(LSF) hybrid filler. The blending was performed using a two-roll mill with certain working conditions. The characteristics of the Al(LSF) hybrid filler were analyzed in detail. The properties of mechanical, swelling, electrical conductivity and morphology of the synthesized rubber composites were assessed. Characterization revealed that Al(LSF) hybrid filler accelerates the vulcanization process of NR composites. Notably, the properties of the resulting composites, such as tensile strength, crosslink density, and reinforcement direction, are dependent on the filler grain size. Al(LSF) nanoparticles (< 40 nm) provide superior reinforcement due to their increased interfacial interaction with the NR matrix. Because of its better interaction and dispersion, the Al(LSF) hybrid filler exhibited more uniform distribution, according to SEM images. In contrast to sodium bentonite and silica, the Al(LSF)/NR composites exhibit improved electrical conductivity (σ) and dielectric permittivity (ε'). The addition of Al(LSF) to NR composites led to a pronounced increase in electrical conductivity (σ), reaching nearly 900% higher than that of the unfilled NR. The findings of this experiment are expected to facilitate the creation of economical and sustainable rubber composites for widespread use in rubber industries.
具有高柔韧性和可折叠性的绿色柔性导电复合材料（FCC）在可穿戴设备、人工智能（AI）等领域具有潜在用途。本研究探索了从稻草黑液中提取的铝杂化填料（木质素、二氧化硅和脂肪酸）的价值化，以开发可持续的橡胶复合材料。天然橡胶（NR）基体用不同的填料增强：钠膨润土、二氧化硅和合成的Al(LSF)杂化填料。在特定工作条件下使用双辊磨机进行共混。详细分析了Al(LSF)杂化填料的特性。评估了合成橡胶复合材料的力学、溶胀、电导率和形态性能。表征显示Al(LSF)杂化填料加速了NR复合材料的硫化过程。值得注意的是，所得复合材料的性能，如拉伸强度、交联密度和增强方向，取决于填料的粒度。Al(LSF)纳米颗粒（<40nm）由于与NR基体的界面相互作用增加而提供了优异的增强效果。根据扫描电子显微镜图像，由于其更好的相互作用和分散性，Al(LSF)杂化填料表现出更均匀的分布。与钠膨润土和二氧化硅相比，Al(LSF)/NR复合材料表现出改善的电导率（σ）和介电常数（ε'）。向NR复合材料中添加Al(LSF)导致电导率（σ）显著增加，比未填充的NR高出近900%。预计该实验结果将有助于制造经济且可持续的橡胶复合材料，以便在橡胶工业中广泛应用。
