Sunil Meghana, Kurangi Bhaskar, Dodamani Suneel, Khalil Marwa, Chopra Aditi
Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi, 590010, India.
BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025 Jul 16;25(1):266. doi: 10.1186/s12906-025-05012-8.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a powerful antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent. Aged garlic has more antioxidant and antimicrobial properties compared to fresh garlic. Garlic has been used for the treatment of many oral and periodontal diseases. However, the efficacy of aged garlic extract (AGE) against periodontal pathogens has never been explored. Hence, this in vitro study aims to assess the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, substantivity, and cytotoxic properties of AGE against key periodontal pathogens and oral tissues.
The antimicrobial properties of the AGE were evaluated by assessing the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus salivarius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia compared to doxycycline and chlorhexidine using the serial dilution method. The antibiofilm properties of AGE were checked for A. actinomycetemcomitans, and F. nucleatum was checked using the standard crystal violet staining assay. The cytocompatibility was checked against human-derived gingival and periodontal fibroblasts and modified oral keratinocytes using 3-4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The substantivity of the extract was checked against chlorhexidine on the dentin surface from extracted tooth samples using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
The growth of A. viscosus, F. nucleatum, and S. salivarius was inhibited by AGE at 50 µg/ml. At 25 µg/ml, P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were inhibited. P. intermedia growth required a higher concentration of 100 µg/ml. At 25 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml, AGE showed bactericidal activity against A. viscosus and P. intermedia, respectively. The anti-biofilm assay showed that the percentage inhibition was 37.99% for F. nucleatum and 2.52% for A. actinomycetemcomitans. The cell viability of gingival fibroblasts (90%) and modified human keratinocytes (80%) was maintained by AGE at concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml, respectively. The mean difference in substantivity for chlorhexidine and AGE at one minute was statistically significant (p = 0.0112).
AGE was effective in inhibiting the growth of periodontal pathogens. However, its antimicrobial effects were not statistically significant when compared to doxycycline. AGE is biocompatible with gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts and has good substantivity to the dentin surface.
大蒜（葱属植物蒜）是一种强效的抗菌、抗氧化和抗炎剂。与新鲜大蒜相比，陈化大蒜具有更多的抗氧化和抗菌特性。大蒜已被用于治疗多种口腔和牙周疾病。然而，陈化大蒜提取物（AGE）对牙周病原体的疗效从未被探究过。因此，本体外研究旨在评估AGE对关键牙周病原体和口腔组织的抗菌、抗生物膜、持续性和细胞毒性特性。
通过使用系列稀释法，与强力霉素和洗必泰相比，评估AGE对粘性放线菌、唾液链球菌、具核梭杆菌、中间普氏菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌、伴放线聚集杆菌和福赛坦纳菌的最低杀菌浓度（MBC）和最低抑菌浓度（MIC），以评估AGE的抗菌特性。使用标准结晶紫染色试验检查AGE对伴放线聚集杆菌的抗生物膜特性，并检查对具核梭杆菌的抗生物膜特性。使用3-(4,５-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐（MTT）试验检查AGE对人源性牙龈和牙周成纤维细胞以及改良口腔角质形成细胞的细胞相容性。使用紫外分光光度计检查提取物在从拔除牙齿样本获得的牙本质表面上对洗必泰的持续性。
AGE在50μg/ml时抑制了粘性放线菌、具核梭杆菌和唾液链球菌的生长。在25μg/ml时，牙龈卟啉单胞菌和伴放线聚集杆菌受到抑制。中间普氏菌的生长需要100μg/ml的更高浓度。在25μg/ml和100μg/ml时，AGE分别对粘性放线菌和中间普氏菌显示出杀菌活性。抗生物膜试验表明，对具核梭杆菌的抑制百分比为37.99%，对伴放线聚集杆菌的抑制百分比为2.52%。AGE在2.5mg/ml和5mg/ml的浓度下分别维持了牙龈成纤维细胞（90%）和改良人角质形成细胞（80%）的细胞活力。洗必泰和AGE在一分钟时持续性的平均差异具有统计学意义（p = 0.0112）。
AGE在抑制牙周病原体生长方面有效。然而，与强力霉素相比，其抗菌效果没有统计学意义。AGE与牙龈和牙周膜成纤维细胞具有生物相容性，并且对牙本质表面具有良好的持续性。
