Earl Estelle Havila, Gaur Archana, Varatharajan Sakthivadivel, Ansari Afna, Billa Anala, Ravi Naveen, Kalpana Medala, Kamble Prafull, Daulatabad Vandana, Singhal Anish, Ganji Vidya, Umesh Madhusudhan, Taranikanti Madhuri, John Nitin Ashok
Senior resident, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Maedica (Bucur). 2025 Mar;20(1):81-89. doi: 10.26574/maedica.2025.20.1.81.
The capability of the human brain to redeploy in accordance to the activities and experiences is deemed as neuroplasticity. As a result, neuroplasticity can be visualized as a required adaptation to all brain processes. Broadly classified into structural, functional, biochemical and behavioural neuroplasticity, structural neuroplasticity includes neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Functional neuroplasticity operates with long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD). Biochemical neuroplasticity avails the usage of genes such as apoE and Brain derived neurotrophic factor. Behavioural neuroplasticity utilizes the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, two parts of the brain that contribute to the rewarding properties of certain psychotropic drugs, showing plastic changes. Mirror neurons play an important role in neurorehabilitation by employing the process of functional synaptic plasticity. Non-invasive brain stimulation, including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation and scrambler therapy for pain, utilize neuroplasticity for treatment in several disorders such as stroke, autism, Parkinsons, depression, etc.
人类大脑根据活动和经历进行重新部署的能力被视为神经可塑性。因此，神经可塑性可被视为所有大脑过程所需的一种适应性变化。神经可塑性大致可分为结构、功能、生化和行为神经可塑性，其中结构神经可塑性包括神经发生和突触形成。功能神经可塑性通过长时程增强（LTP）和长时程抑制（LTD）发挥作用。生化神经可塑性利用载脂蛋白E和脑源性神经营养因子等基因。行为神经可塑性利用前额叶皮质和伏隔核，这两个脑区对某些精神药物的奖赏特性有贡献，并表现出可塑性变化。镜像神经元通过功能性突触可塑性过程在神经康复中发挥重要作用。非侵入性脑刺激，包括经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）、重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）、深部脑刺激和用于疼痛的扰频器疗法，利用神经可塑性来治疗多种疾病，如中风、自闭症、帕金森病、抑郁症等。
