Liu Yunfei, Chen You, Yang Linjie, He Danqiu, Ghazali Muhamad Azhar
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
Engineering and Building Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 19;15(1):26285. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11408-w.
In rural areas of Huangyuan County, Qinghai Province, traditional dwellings are gradually being replaced by self-built brick-concrete houses that mimic urban designs, leading to increased energy consumption and reduced indoor thermal performance. This issue is particularly urgent in economically disadvantaged regions with harsh climatic conditions. Traditional Zhuangke dwellings, however, feature architectural characteristics that are well-suited to the cold climate and limited local resources. Extracting and optimising the passive energy-saving design of these traditional dwellings presents an effective solution to address the conflict between energy efficiency and indoor thermal performance in self-built rural houses. This study Innovatively develops a multi-objective optimisation framework for passive energy-saving design in rural housing in Huangyuan County, using the Rhino and Grasshopper visual programming platform. The framework aims to resolve this conflict. By analysing the design parameters of 53 traditional Zhuangke dwellings, the study optimises 10 passive energy-saving design parameters, including courtyard length, width, building orientation, height, depth, span, ground clearance, window-to-wall ratio, sunroom depth, and north-facing double-wall cavity depth. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is then applied to filter the Pareto optimal solutions. The results show that, compared to the baseline building, the optimised "linear courtyard" Zhuangke dwelling achieves a reduction in heating energy use intensity (EUI) by 1-17.9% and an improvement in indoor standard effective temperature (SET) ranging from 4.1 to 5.4%. This study provides quantitative evidence and practical design strategies tailored to linear courtyard-type Zhuangke dwellings in rural Qinghai, contributing to the reduction of heating energy consumption and the improvement of indoor thermal performance in cold-climate self-built housing.
在青海省湟源县农村地区，传统民居正逐渐被模仿城市设计的自建砖混房屋所取代，这导致了能源消耗增加和室内热性能下降。在气候条件恶劣的经济欠发达地区，这个问题尤为紧迫。然而，传统庄窠民居具有适合寒冷气候和当地资源有限的建筑特点。提取并优化这些传统民居的被动式节能设计，是解决农村自建房屋能源效率与室内热性能之间冲突的有效方案。本研究创新性地利用Rhino和Grasshopper可视化编程平台，开发了湟源县农村住宅被动式节能设计的多目标优化框架。该框架旨在解决这一冲突。通过分析53座传统庄窠民居的设计参数，研究优化了10个被动式节能设计参数，包括庭院长度、宽度、建筑朝向、高度、进深、跨度、地面净空、窗墙比、日光室进深和北向双层墙腔深度。然后应用逼近理想解排序法（TOPSIS）筛选帕累托最优解。结果表明，与基准建筑相比，优化后的“线性庭院”庄窠民居供暖能耗强度（EUI）降低了1-17.9%，室内标准有效温度（SET）提高了4.1-5.4%。本研究为青海农村地区线性庭院式庄窠民居提供了定量依据和实用设计策略，有助于降低寒冷气候下自建房屋的供暖能耗，提高室内热性能。
