Evaluation of deltoid muscle quality in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: correlation of MRI findings with postoperative function and strength.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate associations between MRI-derived deltoid muscle parameters (areal fatty infiltration [FI] and cross-sectional area [CSA]) and clinical outcomes one year after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this prospective, cross-sectional study, RTSA patients underwent 1.5-T MRI one year after surgery. Deltoid areal FI (%) and CSA (normalized to height, [CSAnorm, mm²/m]) were quantified in anterior, lateral, and posterior parts on T2-weighted imaging with metal artifact reduction. Spearman's correlation coefficients and age- and sex-adjusted linear regression models assessed associations with clinical outcomes (Constant-Murley Score [CMS] and isometric strength [N]).

RESULTS

Among 25 patients (75 years [IQR 70-79], 72% females, BMI 28.7 kg/m² [IQR 24.6-29.4]) whole deltoid CSAnorm was positively correlated with CMS (r = 0.51, p = 0.010) and abduction strength (r = 0.48, p = 0.015), while FI showed negative correlations (r = -0.46 to 0.60, p = 0.002-0.019). Anterior CSAnorm positively correlated with CMS (r = 0.55, p = 0.005) and strength (r = 0.41 to -0.42, p = 0.034-0.040), while anterior FI showed negative correlations with CMS (r = -0.79, p < 0.001) and strength (r = -0.58 to -0.63, p = 0.002-0.003). Lateral CSAnorm correlated with CMS (r = 0.49, p = 0.014) but not with strength, while lateral FI showed no significant correlations. After adjustment, higher anterior CSAnorm was associated with better function and strength (β = 0.84-1.14, p = 0.003-0.028), and higher FI was associated with worse function and strength (β = -0.49 to -0.92, p < 0.001-0.014). Lateral CSAnorm remained associated with CMS (β = 0.40, p = 0.034), while lateral FI showed no significant associations.

CONCLUSIONS

Metal artifact-reduced MRI-derived FI and CSAnorm are associated with shoulder function and strength one year after RTSA, potentially serving as objective markers for postoperative assessment.

KEY POINTS

Question RTSA success is measured by functional outcomes, but the relationship between postoperative imaging findings and functional results remains unclear. Findings Lower CSA and increased FI of deltoid, particularly anterior, were associated with reduced function and strength after RTSA. Clinical relevance Metal artifact-reduced MRI can assess postoperative deltoid FI and CSA, providing objective imaging biomarkers that complement clinical functional testing in the evaluation of patients following RTSA.