He Qian, Zhang Yi, Fu Zhihao, Ma Xiao, Liang Zhenglun
State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Evaluation of Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Research On Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2025 Dec;24(1):1-12. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2538561. Epub 2025 Jul 29.
The early 21st century witnessed three consecutive public health emergencies caused by Betacoronavirus infections, drawing considerable global attention to the hazards posed by Betacoronaviruses. Vaccines have proved instrumental in mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, yet the persistent emergence of novel variants underscores the necessity for continuous development of updated vaccines tailored to circulating strains. In addition, new coronavirus outbreaks or the reemerging of previously prevalent coronaviruses may occur in the future.
Broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines, especially pan-coronavirus vaccines, can serve as powerful weapons against known and unknown coronavirus risks. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccine development, identifies persistent challenges, and outlines strategic directions for vaccine development. It aims to provide essential references and strategic considerations for broad-spectrum or universal coronavirus vaccines.
Prioritizing Betacoronavirus-focused vaccines may provide practical near-term solutions, while long-term success hinges on integrating AI and structural biology for precision engineering. Future efforts must emphasize durable immunity, mucosal strategies, and adaptability to viral diversity. Collaboration across computational, immunological, and virological fields will be essential to achieve universal coronavirus protection.
21世纪初，贝塔冠状病毒感染引发了连续三次突发公共卫生事件，引起了全球对贝塔冠状病毒所构成危害的广泛关注。疫苗已被证明在减轻2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行方面发挥了重要作用，但新变种的持续出现凸显了持续研发针对流行毒株的更新疫苗的必要性。此外，未来可能会出现新的冠状病毒疫情或以前流行的冠状病毒再次出现。
广谱冠状病毒疫苗，尤其是泛冠状病毒疫苗，可成为应对已知和未知冠状病毒风险的有力武器。本文全面回顾了广谱冠状病毒疫苗研发的最新进展，确定了持续存在的挑战，并概述了疫苗研发的战略方向。旨在为广谱或通用冠状病毒疫苗提供重要参考和战略考量。
优先研发针对贝塔冠状病毒的疫苗可能会提供近期切实可行的解决方案，而长期成功取决于整合人工智能和结构生物学进行精准设计。未来的努力必须强调持久免疫力、黏膜策略以及对病毒多样性的适应性。计算、免疫和病毒学领域的合作对于实现全面的冠状病毒防护至关重要。
