Cold acclimation therapy has emerged as a notable therapeutic approach with physical therapy and clinical medicine. Driven by the rising demand for effective pain management, sports recovery, and inflammation control, several studies have examined the physiological mechanisms and diverse applications of cold acclimation therapy. Current research shows that cold acclimation therapy can effectively alleviate both acute and chronic pain, promote post-exercise recovery, and mitigate inflammatory responses. Despite its potential, challenges persist in its clinical application, including the determination of precise clinical indications, optimal timing of intervention, and potential adverse effects. This review summarizes the fundamental principles, clinical applications, current research progress, and future potential of cold acclimation therapy, aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice. Furthermore, the future applications of cold acclimation therapy in medical practice is discussed, emphasizing its importance and development prospects in modern healthcare.