Aerts Diederik, Geriente Suzette, Leporini Roberto, Sozzo Sandro
Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies (CLEA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Department of Economics, University of Bergamo, via dei Caniana 2, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
Entropy (Basel). 2025 Jun 20;27(7):656. doi: 10.3390/e27070656.
We analyse the results of three information retrieval tests on conceptual combinations that we have recently performed using corpora of Italian language. Each test has the form of a 'Bell-type test' and was aimed at identifying 'quantum entanglement' in the combination, or composition, of two concepts. In the first two tests, we studied the Italian translation of the combination , while in the third test, we studied the Italian translation of the combination . We found a significant violation of Bell's inequalities in all tests. Empirical patterns confirm the results obtained with corpora of English language, which indicates the existence of deep structures in concept formation that are language independent. The systematic violation of Bell's inequalities suggests the presence of entanglement, and indeed, we elaborate here a 'quantum model in Hilbert space' for the collected data. This investigation supports our theoretical hypothesis about entanglement as a phenomenon of 'contextual updating', independent of the nature, micro-physical or conceptual-linguistic, of the entities involved. Finally, these findings allow us to further clarify the mutual relationships between entanglement, Cirel'son's bound, and no-signalling in Bell-type situations.
我们分析了最近使用意大利语语料库对概念组合进行的三项信息检索测试的结果。每项测试都采用“贝尔型测试”的形式，旨在识别两个概念的组合或合成中的“量子纠缠”。在前两项测试中，我们研究了该组合的意大利语翻译，而在第三项测试中，我们研究了该组合的意大利语翻译。我们发现在所有测试中都严重违反了贝尔不等式。实证模式证实了用英语语料库获得的结果，这表明在概念形成中存在与语言无关的深层结构。对贝尔不等式的系统性违反表明存在纠缠，实际上，我们在此为收集的数据精心构建了一个“希尔伯特空间中的量子模型”。这项研究支持了我们关于纠缠是一种“上下文更新”现象的理论假设，该现象与所涉及实体的微观物理或概念语言性质无关。最后，这些发现使我们能够进一步阐明贝尔型情形下纠缠、西勒森界和无信号之间的相互关系。
